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1 / 145

What makes the measles virus highly contagious?

A) It replicates quickly outside the body.

B) It is transmitted via airborne droplets and requires minimal exposure for infection.

C) It survives in water for long periods.

D) It is resistant to all disinfectants.

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What are the key symptoms of coronavirus infection?

A) Fever, rashes, and swollen glands

B) Labored breathing, chest pain, and low oxygen levels

C) Paralysis and body pain

D) Jaundice and abdominal pain

3 / 145

What is the primary mode of transmission for coronavirus?

A) Direct contact with infected animals

B) Blood and body fluids

C) Airborne droplets

D) Contaminated water

4 / 145

What are common symptoms of a measles infection?

A) Paralysis and rashes

B) Fever, cough, and a body rash

C) Abdominal pain and vomiting

D) Muscle weakness and jaundice

5 / 145

How is the measles virus transmitted?

A) Blood transfusions

B) Body fluids

C) Airborne droplets from nose and throat mucus

D) Contaminated food

6 / 145

What type of genetic material is present in the measles virus?

A) Double-stranded RNA

B) Negative-sense single-stranded RNA

C) Positive-sense single-stranded RNA

D) Double-stranded DNA

7 / 145

Which animal species is a known reservoir for the Ebola virus?

A) Primates only

B) Bats, dogs, and canids

C) Mosquitoes and rodents

D) Birds and insects

8 / 145

What are the symptoms of Dengue virus infection?

A) Rashes, pain behind the eyes, and vomiting

B) Jaundice and abdominal pain

C) Joint pain and swollen glands

D) Hemorrhagic fever and severe dehydration

9 / 145

Which virus is associated with blood transfusion as a mode of transmission?

A) Dengue virus

B) Hepatitis C virus

C) Chikungunya virus

D) Ebola virus

10 / 145

Which mosquito species transmits the Dengue virus?

A) Anopheles mosquito

B) Aedes mosquito

C) Culex mosquito

D) Tabanus mosquito

11 / 145

What is the primary effect of viroids on their hosts?

A) Disruption of protein synthesis

B) Interruption of DNA replication

C) Distorted plant growth and diseases

D) Development of human diseases

12 / 145

Which was the first viroid discovered?

A) Avocado sunblotch viroid

B) Potato spindle tuber viroid

C) Peach latent mosaic viroid

D) Eggplant latent viroid

13 / 145

Which host enzyme do viroids use for replication?

A) DNA polymerase

B) RNA polymerase

C) Reverse transcriptase

D) Helicase

14 / 145

What is the smallest known length of a viroid?

A) 33 nucleotides

B) 220 nucleotides

C) 2,000 nucleotides

D) 1,000 nucleotides

15 / 145

What are viroids primarily composed of?

A) Double-stranded RNA

B) Single-stranded RNA

C) Protein and RNA

D) Lipids and RNA

16 / 145

Which structural feature contributes to the stability of prions?

A) Their lipid membrane

B) Their disulfide bond

C) Their RNA content

D) Their carbohydrate shell

17 / 145

What characteristic makes prions unique among infectious agents?

A) They replicate inside host cells.

B) They lack nucleic acids.

C) They have a lipid envelope.

D) They contain both RNA and DNA.

18 / 145

Which human diseases are associated with prions?

A) Alzheimer's disease and insomnia

B) Polio and tuberculosis

C) Hepatitis and jaundice

D) Influenza and pneumonia

19 / 145

How many amino acids are found in the structure of prions?

A) 29

B) 50

C) 100

D) 10

20 / 145

Which of the following diseases is caused by prions?

A) Influenza

B) Mad cow disease (Bovine spongiform encephalopathy)

C) Tuberculosis

D) Polio

21 / 145

What are prions primarily composed of?

A) Nucleic acids

B) Lipids

C) Proteins

D) Carbohydrates

22 / 145

What is a key method to prevent Cotton Leaf Disease in plants?

A) Using antiviral medications

B) Spraying pesticides regularly and burning infected plants

C) Rotating crops with rice and wheat

D) Applying fertilizers daily

23 / 145

What is the main symptom of Polio?

A) Jaundice and dark urine

B) Painful blisters

C) Paralysis of lower limbs and body pain

D) Thickened and curled plant leaves

24 / 145

What is the primary mode of transmission for Polio virus?

A) Mosquito bite

B) Contaminated water and food

C) Inhalation of airborne particles

D) Contact with infected plants

25 / 145

What causes fever blisters around the mouth and genital region in Herpes?

A) Polio virus

B) Hepatitis virus

C) Herpes simplex virus

D) Begomovirus

26 / 145

How can the spread of Hepatitis be prevented?

A) Avoid contact with fecal matter, use clean food, and sanitize hands.

B) Avoid mosquito bites and wear protective clothing.

C) Use antiviral medications only.

D) Avoid dairy products and increase physical activity.

27 / 145

Which symptom is commonly associated with Hepatitis?

A) Fever blisters

B) Yellow urine and jaundice

C) Paralysis of limbs

D) Thickened plant leaves

28 / 145

What is the main mode of transmission for HIV?

A) Airborne droplets

B) Contaminated water

C) Blood, needles, and sexual contact

D) Vector-borne transmission

29 / 145

Which diagnostic tests can be used to detect HIV infection?

A) Saliva culture tests

B) Antibody and nucleic acid tests (NATs)

C) X-rays and CT scans

D) Red blood cell counts

30 / 145

What is the purpose of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in HIV treatment?

A) To cure the infection completely

B) To inhibit viral enzyme activity and suppress HIV replication

C) To kill T lymphocytes

D) To replace infected lymph nodes

31 / 145

What is a common complication as HIV progresses to AIDS?

A) Excessive T cell production

B) Improved immune function

C) Opportunistic infections like tuberculosis and pneumonia

D) Increased resistance to infections

32 / 145

What happens during the asymptomatic stage of HIV?

A) The virus stops replicating.

B) The immune system strengthens significantly.

C) The virus remains active but without noticeable symptoms.

D) HIV infection resolves without treatment.

33 / 145

What is one of the early symptoms of HIV infection?

A) Persistent weight loss

B) Fever and flu-like symptoms

C) Dementia-like infections

D) Pneumonia

34 / 145

How does HIV use the host cell for protein synthesis?

A) It uses host ribosomes to translate its RNA into proteins.

B) It produces its own proteins without host involvement.

C) It blocks the host’s protein production

D) It uses host antibodies to synthesize proteins.

35 / 145

What happens during the "budding" stage of the HIV life cycle?

A) The virus enters the host cell

B) The viral DNA integrates into the host genome.

C) New HIV particles form and exit the host cell.

D) The viral RNA is converted to DNA.

36 / 145

What is the primary consequence of HIV destroying Helper T lymphocytes?

A) Increased antibody production

B) Enhanced activation of macrophages

C) Impairment of the adaptive immune system

D) Increased production of viral RNA

37 / 145

Why does HIV specifically target Helper T cells and not other cells?

A) Helper T cells lack a protective membrane.

B) HIV glycoproteins specifically bind to CD4 receptors unique to Helper T cells.

C) Helper T cells produce viral proteins naturally.

D) HIV can only replicate in Helper T cells.

38 / 145

What surface structure of HIV binds to CD4 receptors on host cells?

A) Tail fibers

B) Lipid membrane

C) Glycoproteins (gp120)

D) Capsid proteins

39 / 145

Which type of immune cell is the primary target of HIV?

A) B lymphocytes

B) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

C) Helper T lymphocytes (CD4+ cells)

D) Macrophages

40 / 145

Which step in the HIV life cycle involves the synthesis of viral proteins?

A) Reverse transcription

B) Integration

C) Transcription

D) Budding

41 / 145

How does HIV remain dormant in the host cell?

A) By continuously replicating its RNA

B) By integrating its DNA into the host genome

C) By blocking host protein synthesis

D) By degrading its own RNA

42 / 145

What is the final step in the HIV life cycle?

A) Reverse transcription

B) Assembly

C) Fusion

D) Budding

43 / 145

What happens during the integration step in the HIV life cycle?

A) Viral DNA is translated into proteins

B) Viral RNA is converted into DNA.

C) Viral DNA integrates into the host genome.

D) New viruses are assembled.

44 / 145

Which glycoproteins are involved in HIV attachment to host cells?

A) gp120 and gp41

B) gp30 and gp60

C) gp110 and gp40

D) gp140 and gp31

45 / 145

What is the primary function of reverse transcriptase in HIV?

A) Synthesizing proteins directly from RNA

B) Converting viral RNA into DNA

C) Replicating host DNA

D) Degrading host RNA

46 / 145

What type of genetic material is found in HIV?

A) Double-stranded DNA

B) Single-stranded RNA

C) Double-stranded RNA

D) Single-stranded DNA

47 / 145

What is one recent use of genetically modified bacteriophages?

A) To create vaccines for viruses

B) To treat bacterial infections

C) To replicate viral DNA

D) To degrade host cell genomes

48 / 145

What type of bacteria do bacteriophages target?

A) All bacteria in the body

B) Pathogenic bacteria only

C) Host cell DNA exclusively

D) Fungi and bacteria

49 / 145

What role do bacteriophages play in the immune system?

A) They weaken the immune system.

B) They trigger the immune system to destroy pathogens.

C) They replace immune cells.

D) They prevent antigen formation.

50 / 145

What is a major advantage of using bacteriophages in treating infections?

A) They are toxic to all microbes.

B) They specifically target pathogenic bacteria without harming host cells.

C) They destroy viruses and bacteria simultaneously.

D) They require high doses to be effective.

51 / 145

How are bacteriophages used in genetic engineering?

A) To destroy all bacterial cells

B) To transfer specific genes between cells

C) To create viral vaccines

D) To increase host DNA replication

52 / 145

How does the lysogenic cycle benefit the bacteriophage?

A) By killing the host cell quickly

B) By enabling rapid virus replication

C) By allowing replication without harming the host

D) By preventing the activation of host defenses

53 / 145

What is the final result when a lysogenic cycle transitions into the lytic cycle?

A) The host cell divides normally

B) The host cell produces and releases new viruses.

C) The viral DNA becomes part of the host genome.

D) The host cell becomes resistant to infection.

54 / 145

Which phase of the lysogenic cycle allows the virus to remain inactive for a long time?

A) Lytic phase

B) Dormant phase

C) Prophage phase

D) Replication phase

55 / 145

What is a prophage in the lysogenic cycle?

A) A bacterial cell infected by a virus

B) The viral DNA integrated into the host DNA

C) A free-floating virus outside the cell

D) The proteins produced by the virus

56 / 145

What happens to the viral DNA during the lysogenic cycle?

A) It destroys the host DNA.

B) It integrates into the host DNA as a prophage

C) It immediately produces new viruses

D) It remains outside the host cell.

57 / 145

Which of the following occurs during the replication step of the lytic cycle?

A) The bacteriophage attaches to the host cell.

B) The bacteriophage DNA directs the synthesis of viral proteins and nucleotides.

C) The host bacterium repairs its DNA.

D) The bacteriophage releases lysozyme to break the host cell wall.

58 / 145

Which step of the lytic cycle involves the assembly of new phages?

A) Replication of phage DNA

B) Genome penetration

C) Maturation

D) Phage attachment

59 / 145

What is the primary role of lysozyme in the lytic cycle?

A) To repair host DNA

B) To synthesize viral proteins

C) To break the bacterial cell wall for lysis

D) To prevent bacterial reproduction

60 / 145

What happens during the genome penetration phase of the lytic cycle?

A) The bacteriophage DNA is synthesized.

B) The bacteriophage injects its DNA into the host cell.

C) The host cell produces viral proteins.

D) The host cell lyses to release phages.

61 / 145

During which step of the lytic cycle does the bacteriophage attach to the host cell?

A) Genome penetration

B) Phage attachment

C) Maturation

D) Lysis and release

62 / 145

What is the primary function of bacteriophage in the lytic cycle?

A) Producing energy for the bacterial cell

B) Injecting its DNA into the host and replicating

C) Repairing the host cell's DNA

D) Assisting bacterial reproduction

63 / 145

How many turns does the TMV capsid form per rod?

A) 120

B) 150

C) 130

D) 100

64 / 145

How many amino acids does each capsomere of TMV approximately contain?

A) 130

B) 158

C) 200

D) 90

65 / 145

What is the arrangement of capsomeres in TMV?

A) Polyhedral

B) Spherical

C) Helical

D) Linear

66 / 145

What is the protein coat surrounding the RNA of TMV called?

A) Envelope

B) Capsid

C) Tail fibers

D) Nucleoid

67 / 145

What type of genetic material does Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) contain?

A) Double-stranded DNA

B) Single-stranded RNA

C) Double-stranded RNA

D) Single-stranded DNA

68 / 145

Which bacteriophage component recognizes specific receptors on the host cell?

A) Head

B) Tail fibers

C) Collar

D) Tail tube

69 / 145

How does the bacteriophage's base plate assist in DNA injection?

A) By synthesizing DNA

B) By creating a pore in the host cell

C) By using retractable pins to penetrate the bacterial cell wall

D) By providing nutrients to the host

70 / 145

What structure of the bacteriophage contracts to inject DNA into the host cell?

A) Collar

B) Tail sheath

C) Head

D) Base plate

71 / 145

What is the purpose of the tail fibers in a bacteriophage?

A) To synthesize DNA

B) To recognize and bind to host cell receptors

C) To store enzymes

D) To protect the capsid

72 / 145

What is the role of the base plate in a bacteriophage?

A) It holds the genetic material.

B) It aids in DNA synthesis.

C) It helps attach the bacteriophage to the host cell.

D) It breaks down bacterial DNA.

73 / 145

What is the function of the bacteriophage's tail?

A) To synthesize proteins

B) To act as a channel for DNA delivery into the host cell

C) To degrade bacterial enzymes

D) To protect the viral genome

74 / 145

What is the main genetic material found in the head of a bacteriophage?

A) RNA

B) Protein

C) DNA

D) Lipid

75 / 145

Why are RNA viruses generally less resistant to environmental conditions compared to DNA viruses?

A) RNA viruses lack a protein coat.

B) RNA is more fragile and prone to damage

C) DNA viruses replicate faster.

D) DNA viruses are smaller in size.

76 / 145

Which type of virus is more vulnerable to changes in relative humidity?

A) DNA viruses

B) RNA viruses

C) Lipid-enveloped viruses

D) Non-lipid-enveloped viruses

77 / 145

How do airborne viruses like influenza and coronavirus survive unfavorable conditions?

A) By producing their own protective enzymes

B) By taking shelter in organic material like saliva or mucous

C) By replicating rapidly in the environment

D) By developing a lipid envelope

78 / 145

At what temperature are most viruses inactivated?

A) 25°C

B) 40°C

C) 60°C or above

D) 10°C

79 / 145

How does temperature affect viral survival?

A) It enhances viral replication.

B) It causes protein denaturation and capsid dissociation

C) It helps viruses bind more strongly to hosts

D) It increases viral infectivity.

80 / 145

What enables viruses to survive in the environment?

A) Their ability to produce endonucleases

B) Their genetic stability

C) Influence by external factors like temperature and pH

D) Their ability to degrade host genomes

81 / 145

What does viral genome alteration achieve for a virus?

A) It enables the production of stronger host proteins.

B) It enhances the host's immune response.

C) It helps the virus evade immunity and adapt.

D) It destroys the host cell's ribosomes.

82 / 145

How do viruses suppress B cell activation?

A) By inhibiting helper T cells

B) By reducing B cell proliferation and differentiation

C) By degrading host genetic material

D) By blocking the interferon response

83 / 145

What is the role of inactivating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in viral survival?

A) It prevents viral proteins from being synthesized.

B) It delays immune detection of viral components.

C) It inhibits the host's enzyme activity.

D) It accelerates viral genome replication.

84 / 145

How do viruses block the interferon response in infected cells?

A) By suppressing the host's enzyme activity

B) By degrading host DNA

C) By inhibiting the production of immune proteins

D) By altering their genetic material

85 / 145

What is the role of deactivating the complement system in viruses?

A) To replicate faster in host cells

B) To block host immune system responses

C) To destroy host genetic material

D) To synthesize proteins

86 / 145

How do phage viruses degrade the host cell genome?

A) By using reverse transcriptase

B) By synthesizing endonuclease enzymes

C) By blocking host ribosomes

D) By producing RNA polymerase

87 / 145

What is the essential requirement for viruses to replicate?

A) An immune response

B) A non-living surface

C) A living host cell

D) An external energy source

88 / 145

How do viruses take over the host cell's metabolic machinery?

A) By destroying the host cell's enzymes

B) By integrating their genetic material into the host genome

C) By forming antibodies against the host cell

D) By producing their own enzymes

89 / 145

What is the primary genetic material in viruses that directs host cell activities?

A) Proteins

B) Lipids

C) Nucleic acids

D) Carbohydrates

90 / 145

What do viruses rely on the host cell for?

A) Defense against the immune system

B) Providing energy and replicating the viral genome

C) Producing toxins to attack other viruses

D) Generating antibodies

91 / 145

What is the role of a host cell for a virus?

A) It provides a defense mechanism against viruses.

B) It enables the virus to complete its life cycle.

C) It destroys the virus upon contact.

D) It generates antibodies to eliminate the virus.

92 / 145

Why are viruses considered noncellular entities?

A) They have a nucleus but no cytoplasm.

B) They do not possess organelles or metabolic machinery.

C) They lack genetic material.

D) They can replicate independently.

93 / 145

What distinguishes reverse-transcribing viruses from other RNA viruses?

A) They directly replicate RNA in the cytoplasm.

B) They synthesize DNA from RNA using reverse transcriptase.

C) They lack a capsid structure.

D) They infect only plants.

94 / 145

How do single-stranded RNA viruses with a DNA intermediate replicate?

A) They replicate directly in the host cytoplasm.

B) They form mRNA directly from their genome.

C) They first form DNA from RNA using reverse transcriptase.

D) They replicate only in bacterial cells.

95 / 145

Which virus is an example of a double-stranded DNA virus with an RNA intermediate?

A) HIV

B) Rhabdovirus

C) Hepatitis B

D) Paramyxovirus

96 / 145

What is the genome type of single-stranded RNA viruses with a DNA intermediate?

A) Negative-sense RNA

B) Positive-sense RNA

C) Double-stranded RNA

D) Double-stranded DNA

97 / 145

Which process is carried out by reverse-transcribing viruses?

A) Translation of proteins directly from RNA.

B) Making DNA from RNA using reverse transcriptase.

C) Forming RNA from DNA in the nucleus.

D) Immediate protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

98 / 145

What is the key characteristic of negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses?

A) They directly translate RNA into proteins.

B) They require conversion of RNA into mRNA for translation.

C) Their genome is double-stranded.

D) They do not infect animal cells.

99 / 145

Which of the following is NOT an example of a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus?

A) Dengue virus

B) Reovirus

C) Hepatitis C virus

D) Coronavirus

100 / 145

What is the role of the newly formed mRNA in double-stranded RNA viruses?

A) It synthesizes proteins and replicates the genome.

B) It destroys the host's DNA.

C) It forms a lipid envelope for the virus.

D) It prevents virus replication.

101 / 145

Which enzyme is primarily used by double-stranded RNA viruses to synthesize mRNA?

A) RNA polymerase

B) Reverse transcriptase

C) Host cell enzymes

D) DNA polymerase

102 / 145

What does "positive sense" mean in the context of RNA viruses?

A) The RNA is double-stranded.

B) The RNA acts directly as mRNA.

C) The RNA must be converted to DNA first.

D) The RNA is used for energy production.

103 / 145

Which of the following viruses has a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome?

A) Reovirus

B) Coronavirus

C) Parvovirus

D) Herpes virus

104 / 145

What is the genome type of double-stranded RNA viruses?

A) DNA

B) Single-stranded RNA

C) Double-stranded RNA

D) Positive-sense RNA

105 / 145

Which virus classification method was proposed by David Baltimore in 1971?

A) By shape

B) By genome type

C) By host type

D) By replication method

106 / 145

What is a characteristic of double-stranded RNA viruses during replication?

A) They directly translate their RNA into proteins.

B) They synthesize mRNA from one of the strands of their RNA genome.

C) They convert RNA into DNA first

D) They only infect bacterial cells.

107 / 145

Which type of virus uses double-stranded RNA as its genome?

A) Parvovirus

B) HIV

C) Influenza virus

D) Reoviruses

108 / 145

How do single-stranded DNA viruses synthesize mRNA?

A) Directly from their genome

B) By first converting into double-stranded DNA in the host cell

C) By using host RNA directly

D) Through RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

109 / 145

Which of the following is an example of a single-stranded DNA virus?

A) Herpes virus

B) Parvovirus

C) HIV

D) Influenza virus

110 / 145

Which virus is categorized as having an enveloped capsid?

A) TMV

B) Bacteriophage

C) Flu viruses

D) CaMV

111 / 145

Which virus is classified as having a helical-shaped capsid?

A) HIV

B) Flu viruses

C) TMV

D) CaMV

112 / 145

What kind of genetic material do plant viruses typically have?

A) DNA

B) Double-stranded RNA

C) Single-stranded DNA

D) RNA

113 / 145

Which of the following is an example of a bacteriophage?

A) TMV

B) CaMV

C) T4 phages

D) Rhinoviruses

114 / 145

What is the shape of viruses classified as zoophages (animal viruses)?

A) Tadpole-like

B) Rod-shaped

C) Spherical

D) Polyhedral

115 / 145

What is the genetic material of bacteriophages?

A) RNA

B) Single-stranded DNA

C) Double-stranded DNA

D) Double-stranded RNA

116 / 145

Which shape of viruses is generally associated with influenza?

A) Helical-shaped

B) Spherical-shaped

C) Polyhedral-shaped

D) Tadpole-shaped

117 / 145

What is the function of glycoprotein spikes in a virus?

A) Protect the genome

B) Recognize host cells

C) Provide energy

D) Aid in replication

118 / 145

What shape does a helical virus exhibit?

A) Spherical

B) Hollow coil or rod-like

C) Tadpole-like

D) Polyhedral

119 / 145

What is a tadpole-shaped virus commonly associated with?

A) DNA viruses

B) Bacteriophages

C) Retroviruses

D) Plant viruses

120 / 145

What is the shape of a virus with a 20-sided capsid structure?

A) Tadpole-shaped

B) Helical-shaped

C) Polyhedral-shaped

D) Spherical-shaped

121 / 145

Which part of a virus contains its genetic material?

A) Envelope

B) Capsid

C) Inner core

D) Protein spikes

122 / 145

How are capsomeres arranged in an icosahedral capsid?

A) As a hollow coil

B) In 20 triangular faces

C) In a single layer

D) Randomly

123 / 145

Which additional layer, present in some viruses, surrounds the capsid?

A) Capsomere

B) Envelope

C) Core

D) Protein shell

124 / 145

What shape is formed when capsomeres are arranged in a helical structure?

A) Polyhedron

B) Spherical

C) Hollow coil

D) Complex

125 / 145

What are the protein subunits of the capsid called?

A) Lipoproteins

B) Capsomeres

C) Nucleotides

D) Enzymes

126 / 145

What is the outer covering of a virus called?

A) Capsid

B) Envelope

C) Capsomere

D) Core

127 / 145

What shape does the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) exhibit?

A) Icosahedral

B) Elongated and helical

C) Spherical

D) Head and tail

128 / 145

What are viruses that lack a lipid covering and are resistant to environmental stress called?

A) Enveloped viruses

B) Non-enveloped viruses

C) Filamentous viruses

D) Icosahedral viruses

129 / 145

Which scientist introduced the concept of a filtration system that contributed to virus discovery?

A) Charles Chamberland

B) Adolf Mayer

C) Dmitri Ivanovsky

D) Martinus Beijerinck

130 / 145

What was the key discovery by Dmitri Ivanovsky regarding the Tobacco Mosaic Disease?

A) It was caused by bacteria.

B) It was caused by a contagious living fluid

C) It could be cured with antibiotics.

D) It was a result of genetic mutation

131 / 145

Who is credited with crystallizing the infectious particles of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) in 1935?

A) Adolf Mayer

B) Charles Chamberland

C) Dmitri Ivanovsky

D) W. M. Stanley

132 / 145

Which infectious agent was discovered through research on tobacco plant extracts?

A) Fungi

B) Bacteria

C) Viruses

D) Protozoa

133 / 145

Why can the Chamberland filter remove bacteria but not viruses?

A) Bacteria are smaller than viruses

B) Viruses can multiply inside the filter

C) The filter’s pore size is larger than viruses

D) The filter is designed only for viruses

134 / 145

What was Dmitri Ivanovsky's contribution to virology?

A) Invention of the microscope

B) Discovery of the contagious nature of viruses in tobacco plants

C) Identification of viruses causing human diseases

D) Development of vaccines for viral infections

135 / 145

What was the main purpose of the Chamberland-Pasteur filter?

A) To kill viruses

B) To isolate microorganisms from samples

C) To grow infectious microbes

D) To sterilize tobacco leaves

136 / 145

What does the word "virus" mean in Latin?

A) Microbe

B) Liquid or poison

C) Infectious particle

D) Small organism

137 / 145

Respiration of viruses is the ___________ characteristic

A) Living

B) Non-living

C) Both living and non-living

D) None of the above

138 / 145

Why are viruses unable to perform metabolism?

A) Lack of cellular organelles

B) Presence of only RNA

C) Excessive mutation rates

D) Dependence on ultraviolet rays

139 / 145

What is a non-living characteristic of viruses?

A) Interaction with host cells

B) Possession of enzymes

C) Ability to crystallize and store

D) Mutation of genetic material

140 / 145

Why are viruses considered intracellular obligate parasites?

A) They live freely in the environment

B) They depend on host cells for replication

C) They have their own energy-generating systems

D) They lack genetic material

141 / 145

Which type of nucleic acid is found in viruses?

A) Only DNA

B) Only RNA

C) Either DNA or RNA

D) Both DNA and RNA simultaneously

142 / 145

Which of the following is a living characteristic of viruses

A) Independent replication

B) Use of host cellular contents for replication

C) Performing metabolic activities

D) Presence of organelles

143 / 145

What is the major threat posed by viruses

A) Habitat destruction

B) Industrial development

C) Human health and the economy

D) Environmental pollution

144 / 145

How are living things categorized

A) Plants and animals

B) Aquatic and terrestrial

C) Living entities or molecules and cell-based organisms

D) Single-celled and multicellular organisms

145 / 145

Which of the following are non cellular living things.?

A) Bacteria and fungi

B) Viruses, prions, and viroids

C) Plants and animals

D) Protozoa and algae

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