Explanation:

. Fungal cell walls are mainly made of chitin, a strong polysaccharide.
. Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, providing rigidity and shape.
. Cellulose and hemicellulose are found in plant cell walls, not fungi or bacteria.
. Pectin and silica are also plant-related, not correct for this comparison.

Explanation:

The thickness of the middle lamella in plant cells is typically 1 micrometers (μm). It is relatively thin compared to the primary and secondary cell walls

Explanation:

The correct answer is a) Increases the strength of the wall. The crisscross arrangement provides structural support and increases the strength of the cell wall.

Explanation:

. The primary structural component of a plant cell wall is cellulose, a polysaccharide of glucose units.. Cellulose fibers form a strong framework that provides rigidity and shape to the cell.. Other components like hemicellulose and pectin support the cellulose network but are present in smaller amounts.. Therefore, a plant cell wall is mainly composed of cellulose.

Explanation:

layer of lignin forms secondary wall which provides stiffness to the cell wall

Explanation:

The cell wall plays a crucial role in providing structural support to vascular plants, especially in transporting water and nutrients.

Explanation:

. The rigid cell wall provides structural support and determines the overall shape of plant cells.
. It restricts excessive expansion and helps maintain a rectangular or box-like shape.
. The cell membrane inside the wall is flexible, but the wall dictates the fixed geometry.
. Therefore, the rectangular shape of plant cells is due to the presence of the cell wall.

Explanation:

Secondary wall is the thickest with diameter 5-10 micrometer

Explanation:

the secondary wall follows the order of  primary wall in development. it is laid down inside the primary wall

Explanation:

The correct answer is c) The two adjacent cells separate. When the middle lamella dissolves, the connection between the cells is lost, leading to separation.

Explanation:
Secondary wall is enriched with lignin, which makes it rigid and often water-resistant.
It also accumulates more hemicellulose and mineral salts such as calcium, magnesium and potassium.
These additions turn the wall into a strong supporting structure.

Explanation:

primary cell wall is the first wall formed in a developing cell. it is usually 1-3μm in thickness. more or less elastic and extendable , crystalline and optically active

Explanation:

. According to Robert Hooke, a cell is bounded by a thick wall.
. He observed cork cells which had thick and rigid walls.
. These walls gave the cells a box-like appearance.
. That is why he described the cell boundary as thick.

The correct answer is c) Chitin. Chitin is a component of fungal cell walls, not plant cell walls.

Explanation:
Cell walls contain cellulose arranged in regular microfibrils.
Such ordered polymers form a crystalline framework that is optically active.
This ordered structure explains the optical properties of both primary and secondary walls.

Explanation:

. Cellulose is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
. Its numerous hydroxyl (-OH) groups form hydrogen bonds with water, giving it high affinity for water.
. Lignin, in contrast, is hydrophobic and does not interact well with water.
. Therefore, among the options, cellulose has the highest affinity for water.

Explanation:

pectin is made up of 200 galactouronic acid

Explanation:

. Sclerenchyma cells are specialized for mechanical support and have thick, rigid secondary walls.
. These secondary walls are impregnated with lignin, which adds strength, rigidity, and resistance to decay.
. Cellulose forms the basic framework, but lignin provides the characteristic hardness of sclerenchyma.
. Therefore, the secondary cell wall of sclerenchyma cells is impregnated with lignin.

Explanation:

cell wall is secreted by protoplasm of the cell 

Explanation:

. The primary cell wall is mainly composed of pectin and hemicellulose along with some cellulose.
. Pectin provides flexibility and porosity, allowing cell growth.
. Hemicellulose binds cellulose fibers, giving structural support.
. This composition enables the cell wall to expand during growth while maintaining strength.

The cell wall is hydrophilic, meaning it can absorb and retain water.

Explanation:
The secondary wall appears after the primary wall and is deposited on its inner side.
It is thicker, about 5–10 μm, and much more rigid and crystalline.
This type of wall is typical of mature supporting and conducting cells.

Explanation:

primary cell wall is the first wall formed in a developing cell. it is usually 1-3μm in thickness. more or less elastic and extendable , crystalline and optically active. it is composed of cellulose, pectic compounds mostly polysaccharides and hemicellulose

The correct answer is a) Cellulose. Cellulose is the major component of plant cell walls.

Explanation:

Primary cell wall is elastic, flexible, and optically active. It allows cell growth and expansion. It is not rigid or highly crystalline; rigidity is a feature of the secondary wall. Composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin.

Explanation:

The correct answer is a) Channels in the cell wall. Plasmodesmata are channels in the cell wall that allow communication between adjacent cells.

Explanation:
Young, actively growing cells need flexible walls, while older supporting cells need rigid walls.
Wall structure and chemistry change with the developmental stage and functional role of the cell.
So age and function are directly linked with wall characteristics.

Explanation:

The cell wall was first observed by Robert Hooke in 1665 when he examined cork cells under a microscope.

Explanation:

pectin is a polymer of around 200 galacturonic acid. Majority of its carboxyl groups are methylated COOCH3. It is less hydrophilic than pectic acid but soluble in hot water.

Explanation:

The correct answer is a) Cell growth. The primary cell wall allows for cell growth and expansion.

Explanation:

The correct answer is d) Structural support. The secondary cell wall provides structural support to the plant, especially in tissues like sclerenchyma and xylem.

cytoplasm+all organelles is protoplasm

Explanation:

Robert Hook was the scientist who initially coined the term "cell" after observing cork under a microscope in 1665.
He described these structures as empty spaces bounded by thick walls, resembling the small rooms (cells) in a monastery.
This description was based on his observation of the non-living cell walls of dead plant tissue.
The other scientists listed developed the cell theory further, establishing that cells contain living matter and arise from pre-existing cells, thus implicitly moving beyond Hooke's initial, limited description

Explanation:

. The cell wall is a rigid structure made of cellulose, hemicellulose, and sometimes lignin.. It provides support and protection but does not carry out metabolic activities, making it non-living.. In contrast, the nucleus and cell membrane are living components involved in cellular functions.. Therefore, the cell wall is the non-living component of a plant cell.

Explanation:

. The primary cell wall is the first layer formed and is flexible to allow cell growth.. Cellulose, a polysaccharide of glucose, is the main structural component providing strength and support.. Other components like hemicellulose and pectin are present but in smaller amounts.. Therefore, cellulose is the major component of the primary cell wall.

Explanation:

The correct answer is a) Young cells. The primary cell wall is thinner and more flexible in young cells to allow for growth and expansion.

The correct answer is b) Chitin. Chitin is a major component of fungal cell walls.

Explanation:
Cellulose fibres form a tough scaffold in the wall.
Structural proteins and matrix polysaccharides support and organize this scaffold.
Together they keep the wall strong and maintain the external shape of the cell.

Explanation:

. The protoplast, which includes the living contents of the cell, is responsible for secreting the cell wall.
. It synthesizes cellulose, hemicellulose, and other wall components and deposits them outside the plasma membrane.
. The cell membrane acts as a barrier, but the protoplast carries out the actual synthesis and secretion.
. Therefore, the cell wall is secreted by the protoplast.

The correct answer is a) Cellulose. Cellulose is the major component of the primary wall, providing structural support.

Explanation:
Middle lamella serves as the cementing layer between neighbouring cells.
Without this pectic layer, adhesion between cells becomes very weak.
Cells would detach more easily and tissue integrity would be disturbed.

Explanation:

The correct answer is a) Skeletal framework. The cell wall provides structural support, similar to the skeletal framework in animals.

Explanation:
Water moving into the cell increases internal turgor pressure.
The rigid cell wall acts like a strong container that resists this pressure.
As a result, the cell becomes firm but does not burst with normal water uptake.

It means cellulose fibres are perpendicular to eachother

Explanation:

Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants. Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily.

Secondary cell wall is formed between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane only in sclerenchyma cells. The plant cells possessing secondary cell wall are generally dead and provide support for the plant. The secondary cell wall develops only when the cell has reached maximum size i.e completes its growth because it is very much thick and rigid therefore, it does not allow further growth. The secondary cell wall consists of cellulose , hemicelluloses, lignin , inorganic salts and waxes. Its cellulose microfibrils also show criss cross arrangement. Lignin cements and anchors cellulose mircrofibrils together and it is mainly responsible for rigidness

Explanation:

The main difference between human cheek cells and onion peel cells is the presence of a cell wall in onion peel cells. Human cheek cells do not have a cell wall, while plant cells like onion peel cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose

Explanation:

the secondary cell wall follows the order of primary cell wall in development. it is laid down inside the primary cell wall. its thickness is about 5-10 μm more or less rigid , crystalline and strongly optically active

Explanation:

When a cell with a fully elastic wall is placed in a hypertonic solution, water moves out of the cell by exosmosis due to the higher solute concentration outside.
The cell loses water, which leads to a decrease in its overall size and volume. The elastic cell wall shrinks along with the cytoplasm, so the entire cell becomes smaller.
Plasmolysis is the process where the cytoplasm (protoplast) shrinks away from the rigid cell wall, leaving a gap in between.
Since the cell wall in this scenario is fully elastic, it shrinks along with the rest of the cell contents. Therefore, the cytoplasm does not pull away from the cell wall, and true plasmolysis (as defined by separation from the wall) does not occur.

Explanation:

The hydrophilic nature of the cell wall allows it to absorb water and solutes, facilitating their movement towards the protoplast.

Explanation:

. The middle lamella is the outermost layer that lies between adjacent plant cells.. It is rich in pectic substances and acts as a cementing layer, holding cells together.. The primary and secondary walls are located inward from the middle lamella.. Therefore, the outermost layer in a typical plant cell is the middle lamella.

Explanation:

The correct answer is Cellulose.
The epidermis is the protective outer layer of clonally related cells covering all plant organs.
It is made up of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin.

Explanation:

The correct answer is b) Acts as a cementing layer between two daughter cells. The middle lamella holds adjacent cells together.

The cell wall is permeable, allowing the passage of water and solutes.

Explanation:

The correct answer is d) The protoplasm. The protoplasm synthesizes the materials needed for cell wall construction and secretes them outside the cell.

Explanation:

. The cell wall of fungi is primarily composed of chitin, a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine.. Chitin provides structural strength and rigidity to the fungal cell wall.. Unlike plants, fungal walls do not contain cellulose as the main component.. Therefore, the fungal cell wall is made of chitin.

Explanation:

at the time of cytoplasmic division( cytokinesis) these Golgi vesicles are arranged on the cell equator, fuse together and form a structure called phragmoplast. Later on new cell wall is derived from this structure

Explanation:

primary wall is the first wall formed in a developing cell The presence of cell wall, though, is not exclusive to plants. Other organisms that have cell walls are algae, fungi, and most prokaryotes. The plant cell wall is different from the cell wall of these organisms in terms of structure and composition. 

In plant cells, the cell wall is a tough, rigid structure that may consist of the primary cell wall which is generally a thin, flexible and extensible layer composed of cellulose, pectin and hemicellulose, and a secondary cell wall which is a thick layer rich in lignin that strengthens and waterproofs the wall and is formed inside the primary cell wall that has stopped increasing in surface area when the cell is fully grown. In between the primary walls is a middle lamella which is a pectin-rich intercellular material that glues the adjacent cells together. 

Explanation:

. Robert Hooke discovered the cell in 1665.
. He observed a thin slice of cork under a microscope.
. He saw tiny box-like compartments and named them “cells.”
. This is considered the first discovery of the cell.

Explanation:

above. Suberin, cutin, and waxes can be deposited in the secondary cell wall to provide additional protection and waterproofing.

Explanation:

the cell walls have 3 fundamental parts namely i) middle lamella ii) primary wall iii) secondary wall

Explanation:
Cellophane is a thin cellulose film with small pores.
It allows certain molecules to pass while restricting others.
This partially permeable nature makes it useful in dialysis and special packing.

Explanation:

. The middle lamella is a pectin-rich layer located between the primary walls of adjacent plant cells.
. It acts as a glue, holding cells together and maintaining tissue integrity.
. Cellulose and hemicellulose form the primary cell wall, not the cementing material.
. Therefore, the middle lamella serves as the cementing material between adjacent plant cells.

Explanation:

A protoplast is the living part of a plant cell after the removal of the cell wall.. It includes the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and other organelles.. Protoplasts are used in plant research, such as genetic modification and fusion experiments.. Therefore, a cell without a cell wall is termed a protoplast.

Explanation:

. The primary wall is the first layer of the cell wall formed during cell growth.. It is flexible and allows the cell to expand as it grows.. Composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, it provides basic structural support.. Therefore, the first layer of the cell wall formed is called the primary wall.

Explanation:

The correct answer is a) Cellulose. Cellulose is a major component of algal cell walls.

Explanation:
The primary wall is relatively thin, about 1–3 μm, suitable for expanding cells.
The secondary wall is thicker, roughly 5–10 μm, and provides strong support.
The middle lamella is thinner than both and acts mainly as cement between cells.

Explanation:

It always follow this specific sequence

. The middle lamella is the outermost layer, rich in pectins, and cements adjacent cells.. The primary wall forms next, flexible and thin, allowing cell growth.. The secondary wall is the innermost, thick and rigid, providing mechanical strength.. This is the typical outside-to-inside sequence in plant cell walls.

Explanation:

The correct answer is d) All of the above. The primary cell wall contains cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose.

Explanation:

 The correct answer is c) Between the primary cell wall and the plasma membrane. The secondary cell wall is deposited between the primary wall and the plasma membrane.

Explanation:
Between primary walls of adjacent cells lies a cementing layer called the middle lamella.
This pectic layer glues neighbouring cell walls together and keeps the tissue intact.
Its presence is the main reason cells in a tissue remain firmly united.

Explanation:
Primary wall is mainly a network of cellulose microfibrils in a matrix of pectic substances and hemicellulose.
These polysaccharides together provide both strength and flexibility.
This combination is characteristic of plant primary walls.

Explanation:

. In woody tissues, the middle lamella is rich in lignin.
. Lignin provides rigidity and strengthens the adhesion between adjacent cells.
. Suberin is found in cork, not middle lamella.
. Aldehydes and zinc are not components of the middle lamella.

Explanation:
The primary wall is the first wall laid down around a young cell.
It is relatively thin, about 1–3 μm, elastic and extendable.
These properties allow the cell to enlarge during growth.

Explanation:

Primary wall is the first-formed wall of plant cells.
It is usually thin and flexible, allowing cell growth.
It is not highly crystalline but contains cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin.
It can be optically active due to cellulose orientation, but it is more elastic and extendable than the secondary wall.

Explanation:

. The secondary cell wall is primarily composed of cellulose, a structural polysaccharide.. It provides strength, rigidity, and support to plant cells.. Unlike the primary wall, it is thicker and often lignified.. This composition helps the cell maintain shape and resist mechanical stress.

Explanation:

The middle lamella is the layer of pectin that acts like a cement and holds the cell walls of adjacent plant cells together. It lies between the primary walls of neighboring cells.

So the intercellular substance is the middle lamella.

Explanation:

middle lamella cements together the walls of the neighboring cells. it is usually thin and about 1 μm in thickness. in woody  tissues the middle lamella is commonly lignified

Explanation:
Cellulose builds the main framework of primary and secondary walls, giving plants strength and form.
The same polymer can be processed into rayon, nitrocellulose, cellophane, plastics and paper.
So cellulose is important both for plant structure and for many industries.

Explanation:
Paper is primarily made from cellulose fibres obtained from wood or other plants.
These fibres come from cell walls and are processed into thin sheets.
So the structural polymer that stiffens plants also underlies the paper industry.

Explanation:
The living contents of the cell collectively form the protoplast.
The rigid cell wall is deposited outside the plasma membrane by this protoplast.
So secretion of wall material is mainly a function of the protoplast.

Explanation:
Rayon is a regenerated cellulose fibre prepared from natural cellulose.
It can be spun into threads and woven into fabrics for clothing and other textiles.
So it is one of the major industrial applications of cellulose.

Explanation:

The correct answer is d) It is a living structure. The middle lamella is a non-living structure.

Explanation:

The correct answer is b) Cell division. The middle lamella plays a role in separating daughter cells during cytokinesis.

Explanation:

Robert Hooke reported his work in his famous book Micrographia.
. It contains his observations made with a microscope.
. He described the structure of cork and coined the term “cells.”
. It is the first detailed publication on microscopic observations.

Explanation:

cell wall is secreted by protoplasm of the cell.

pectin is soluble in hot water, not cold. When heated, it dissolves and forms a gel, which is why it's often used in making jams and jellies.

Explanation:

The outer surface of some cells is covered with non-living , stiff layer called cell wall 

Explanation:

 The correct answer is c) Lignin. Lignin is the main component of the secondary cell wall, providing rigidity and strength.

Explanation:

The protoplast—the living part of the cell (cytoplasm plus nucleus)—synthesizes and secretes the materials (cellulose, hemicellulose, etc.) that form the cell wall.

Explanation:

The correct answer is d) All of the above. Lignin, suberin, and cutin can be deposited in the cell wall to provide additional strength and rigidity.

Explanation:

middle lamella is present between primary cell wall and adjacent cell composed up of magnesium and calcium salts( pectin and pectic acid)

Explanation:
Woody parts need very high mechanical strength.
The middle lamella there becomes impregnated with lignin, turning it into a hard cement.
This lignification greatly contributes to the rigidity of wood.

Explanation:

 The correct answer is b) Thick and rigid. The secondary cell wall is thick and rigid due to the deposition of lignin.

Explanation:

The correct answer is d) Cytokinesis. The middle lamella is formed during the final stage of cell division, separating the daughter cells

Explanation:

Only Cell wall is the dead part all other are living

Explanation:

. The secondary cell wall is laid down inside the primary cell wall after cell growth has stopped.. It is thicker and more rigid, providing mechanical strength and resistance to decay.. Its main components are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which add rigidity and waterproofing.. Therefore, the secondary cell wall is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.

Explanation:
Chemical nitration of cellulose produces nitrocellulose or guncotton.
It burns extremely rapidly and releases a large amount of energy.
Therefore it is used mainly in propellants and explosive materials.

Explanation:

The middle lamella of a plant cell wall is primarily composed of pectin. Pectin is a complex polysaccharide made up of chains of galacturonic acid molecules and is responsible for holding adjacent plant cells together. 

Explanation:

nitrocellulose is used as explosives

Explanation:

From inside (near plasma membrane) to outside:

1. Secondary wall – Innermost, thick, for strength (in mature cells)

2. Primary wall – Flexible, formed during growth

3. Middle lamella – Outermost, cements neighboring cells together

Secondary wall — Primary wall — Middle lamella

Explanation:

  The correct answer is c) Dead cells. The secondary cell wall is often deposited after the cell has died, providing structural support.

Explanation:

It is secreted by protoplasm which is a combined term for cytoplasm and all it's organelles

Explanation:

Middle lamella is mainly made up of  calcium and magnesium pectates

Explanation:

Middle lamella is made up of calcium and magnesium salts of pectin. Pectins are mucopolysaccharides that occur in plant cell walls

Imp to Remember: 

Primary wall = cellulose
Middle lamella = pectin
Secondary wall = lignin

Explanation:
The outer cementing layer between adjacent cells is the middle lamella.
Just inside it each cell has its primary wall, and inside that a secondary wall may be deposited.
So the outside-to-inside order is middle lamella, primary wall, secondary wall.

Explanation:

cell wall was discovered by robert hook in 1665 earlier than protoplast. protoplast is refer to the entire cell excluding cell wall

pectin is soluble in hot water, not cold. When heated, it dissolves and forms a gel, which is why it's often used in making jams and jellies.

The correct answer is c) Middle lamella. It is the outermost layer, separating adjacent cells.

Explanation:

The correct answer is d) The protoplasm. The protoplasm synthesizes the materials needed for cell wall construction and secretes them outside the cell.

Explanation:

The correct answer is c) Protecting and supporting the cell. The cell wall provides mechanical support, gives definite shape, and protects the cell

Explanation:

. The middle lamella is a pectin-rich layer between the primary walls of adjacent plant cells.. It cements cells together and provides adhesion.. Cellulose forms the primary structure of the cell wall, not the middle lamella.. Lignin strengthens secondary walls, and murein is found in bacterial cell walls.

EXPLANATION:

Primary cell wall is composed up of cellulose, pectic compounds mostly polysachharides and hemicellulose

Explanation:

. Phosphatidic acid is a lipid found in membranes, not in cell walls.. Cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose are all structural components of plant cell walls.. Cell walls provide rigidity and support, while phosphatidic acid is part of membrane structure.. Therefore, phosphatidic acid is never a cell wall component.

Explanation:

All cell walls contain two layers, the middle lamella and the primary cell wall, and many cells produce an additional layer, called the secondary wall. The middle lamella serves as a cementing layer between the primary walls of adjacent cells.