EXPLANATION:

Adhesion refers to the attraction between water molecules and the molecules of the container or surface they come into contact with.

EXPLANATION:

Ultra high temperature (UHT) processing of milk at ∼140 °C for 3 seconds produces a product which is shelf stable for several months.

EXPLANATION:

cerebrum is the part of forebrain.

EXPLANATION:

The most abundant protein in nature is probably the chloroplast enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RUBP) or rubisco

EXPLANATION:

the longest phase of the menstrual cycle is the secretory phase, also known as the luteal phase.

EXPLANATION:

If the father is a normal male and the mother is a heterozygous carrier of the hemophilia gene, the chances of their daughter having hemophilia are 0%. Daughters of a carrier mother and a normal father have a 50% chance of being carriers themselves, but their chances of having hemophilia are very low unless the father has hemophilia or is a carrier himself.

EXPLANATION:

Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener first discovered the Rh factor in the red blood cells of rhesus monkeys(Macaca mulatta) in 1937. The Rh blood system has about 49 different types of antigens.

EXPLANATION:

The portion of the stomach that is present immediately after the esophagus is indeed called the cardiac portion or cardia. The cardiac portion is the first part of the stomach that receives food from the esophagus

EXPLANATION:

steroid is formed by a backbone of four fused carbon rings containing 17 carbon atoms

EXPLANATION:

A hemoglobin molecule consists of four polypeptide chains, two alpha chains, and two beta chains. The alpha chains consist of about 141 amino acids each, and the beta chains consist of about 146 amino acids each. Therefore, in total a hemoglobin molecule is composed of approximately 574 amino acids. 

EXPLANATION:

The Cenozoic Era is the age of mammals. They evolved to fill virtually all the niches vacated by dinosaurs.

EXPLANATION:

Carbon is indeed the most abundant element by mass(among the given options) in the human body. It makes up about 18.5% of the body's mass, followed by oxygen, which comprises approximately 65%.

EXPLANATION:

A species is a distinct biological unit that can evolve over time. It is a group of organisms that share common characteristics and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

EXPLANATION:

the percentage of carbon dixoide carried as carboxyhaemoglobin is 23%

EXPLANATION:

Goiter is characterized by an enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is located in the front of the neck. It can occur due to various reasons, but one common cause is hypothyroidism, which refers to an underactive thyroid gland.

EXPLANATION:

Archaeopteryx is a 'connecting link' between reptiles and birds, as it possess characteristics of both birds and reptiles.

EXPLANATION:

Natural selection relies on two key raw materials: variation and mutation. Variation refers to the diversity of traits within a population, which arises through genetic recombination and gene flow. Mutation, on the other hand, introduces new genetic variations through random changes in DNA

EXPLANATION:

The Principles of Biology by Herbert Spencer (1864) looked at biology in terms of themes, such as Function, Adaptation and Variation. In this book Spencer introduced the expression 'survival of the fittest', in the sense of 'the most appropriate to its environment'.

EXPLANATION;

crossing between white-eyed female (XWXW) with red-eyed male (X+Y), in the F1 generation, all the females flies were red-eyed and all the male flies were white-eyed.

EXPLANATION:

Insulin is a hormone that lowers the level of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood. It's made by the beta cells of the pancreas and released into the blood when the glucose level goes up, such as after eating.

EXPLANATION:

The anterior lobe makes up about 80% of the pituitary gland. It regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction through the hormones that it produces. therefore it is called as master gland of the body

EXPLANATION:

Hormones act as chemical messengers that are released into the blood stream to act on an organ in another part of the body.

EXPLANATION:

The neurons which carry nerve impulses from the body organs to the brain are called afferent neurons or sensory neurons.

EXPLANATION:

The hollow elongated tube formed when a muscle fiber penetrates deep into the cells is known as a T-tubule or transverse tubule. T-tubules are a specialized structure found in muscle cells, specifically in cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells.

EXPLANATION:

Linkage and crossing over are the exceptions of mendel's law. Linkage contradicts the law of segregation and crossing over leads to formation of more variations which cannot be described by Mendelian genetic laws.

EXPLANATION:

Arthritis means inflammation or swelling of one or more joints not nerve

EXPLANATION:

Cartilage is a tough, semitransparent, elastic, flexible connective tissue consisting of cartilage cells scattered through a glycoprotein material that is strengthened by collagen fibers. it has no blood vessels that is why it heals slowly

EXPLANATION:

The money plant, also known as Devil's Ivy or Epipremnum aureum, is not a carnivorous plant. It is a popular houseplant known for its attractive foliage and ease of care. 

EXPLANATION:

The cell wall of bacteria is primarily made up of a complex molecule called peptidoglycan, also known as murein.

EXPLANATION:

The terminal duct of the male reproductive system is the Urethra. The urethra begins after the prostate gland and runs the length of the penis.

EXPLANATION:

Mumps and measles is a disease caused by an RNA virus classified in the Paramyxoviridae family.

EXPLANATION:

The Calvin cycle reactions can be divided into three main stages: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of the starting molecule.

EXPLANATION:

van Niel hypothesized that the O2 produced during photosynthesis came from water rather than from carbon dioxide.

EXPLANATION:

The wavelength of visible light covers a range from about 380 nm to about 750 nm.

EXPLANATION:

Enzymes are proteins comprised of amino acids linked together in one or more polypeptide chains. This sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is called the primary structure. This, in turn, determines the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme, including the shape of the active site.

EXPLANATION:

Glycerol is an alcohol with three carbons, five hydrogens, and three hydroxyl (OH) groups.

EXPLANATION;

Hemoglobin is the protein that makes blood red. It is composed of four protein chains, two alpha chains and two beta chains, each with a ring-like heme group containing an iron atom.

EXPLANATION:

mitochondria, were first detected using the light microscope as early as 1841. Friedrich Gustav Jacob Henle described granules in human muscle cells.

EXPLANATION:

Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found in plant cells and some other organisms, such as algae. They are responsible for photosynthesis, the process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

Chloroplasts contain several essential components, including proteins, ribosomes, and small circular DNA molecules.

EXPLANATION:

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum in liver cells of vertebrates helps in detoxifying poisons and drugs. It contains enzymes that catalyze a number of reactions that can make lipid-soluble drugs and metabolic wastes into water-soluble so that these can easily be expelled out from the body.

EXPLANATION:

The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure is often thought of in terms of a homogeneous mixture of lipids in a lipid bilayer studded with proteins presented by SJ singer and Nicholson

EXPLANATION:

red green color blindness is a recessive sex linked trait that renders individuals unable to distinguish shades of red or green and both appears as grey

EXPLANATION:

The blood group of the child can be any of the four blood groups: A, B, AB, or O. The ABO blood group system is based on the presence or absence of two antigens, known as A and B, on the surface of red blood cells

EXPLANATION:

The joints present in the elbow and knee are examples of hinge joints. Hinge joints are a type of synovial joint that allow movement in only one plane, similar to the action of a hinge on a door. These joints enable flexion and extension movements.

EXPLANATION:

The joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity are called synovial joints. Synovial joints are the most common type of joint found in the human body and allow for a wide range of movement. Examples of synovial joints include the knee joint, shoulder joint, hip joint, and elbow joint.

EXPLANATION:

The sperm cell has a haploid number of chromosomes. In humans, the sperm cells (also known as spermatozoa) are the male reproductive cells produced in the testes. During a process called meiosis, the sperm cells undergo two divisions, resulting in the reduction of the chromosome number by half. As a result, human sperm cells have a haploid number of chromosomes, which is 23 chromosomes in total.

EXPLANATION:

spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cell production occurs; the germ cells give rise to the haploid spermatozoa. Sperm production takes place inside the seminiferous tubules, which is a convoluted cluster of tubes located inside the testes.

EXPLANATION:

the average adult human has lung capacity of approximately 5 liters

EXPLANATION:

Gas exchange takes place in the millions of alveoli in the lungs and the capillaries that envelop them.

EXPLANATION:

The basis of Lamarck's theory of inheritance, known as Lamarckism or Lamarckian inheritance, is the concept of the inheritance of acquired characteristics

EXPLANATION;

Genetic drift is the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance. Genetic drift may cause gene variants to disappear completely and thereby reduce genetic variation.

EXPLANATION:

most of the coenzymes are the derivatives of vitamins and minerals that are essential for life

EXPLANATION:

Phylum Annelida is the largest phylum which consists organisms with metamerically segmented body. The word annelida is of greek origin "anellus" which means "little ring".

EXPLANATION:

" Protozoa are a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms that are classified within the kingdom Protista. They exhibit a wide range of forms and lifestyles, and they are capable of carrying out essential life functions within a single cell

EXPLANATION:

The hormone that triggers the release of milk in lactating women is oxytocin. Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in promoting milk letdown or the ejection of milk from the mammary glands. 

EXPLANATION:

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves in humans. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for carrying sensory and motor information to and from different regions of the head, neck, and certain organs in the body.

EXPLANATION:

The colloidal mixture of ions, organic and inorganic salts present in the nucleus is called nucleoplasm. The nucleoplasm is the fluid-like substance that fills the nucleus of a cell. It contains various components, including ions, enzymes, nucleotides, nucleic acids, and other molecules necessary for nuclear functions and processes. 

EXPLANATION:

The fixation of carbon dioxide and the formation of carbohydrates takes place in the chloroplast present in plant cells. The enzymatic reactions help incorporate carbon dioxide into the plants which lead to the synthesis of sugar molecules and it takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts.

EXPLANATION:

Steroids do not contain fatty acids. Steroids are a class of lipids that have a different chemical structure compared to fatty acids

EXPLANATION:

The amino acid in which the variable group (R) is represented by a hydrogen (H) atom is glycine. Glycine is the simplest amino acid and has a hydrogen atom as its R-group.

EXPLANATION:

Ribose is an aldopentose (a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms that, in its open chain form, has an aldehyde functional group at one end). In the conventional numbering scheme for monosaccharides, the carbon atoms are numbered from C1' (in the aldehyde group) to C5

EXPLANATION:

the four types of fundamental biological molecules present in protoplasm are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

EXPLANATION:

In aerobic respiration, the glucose molecule is completely broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and a total of approximately 36 molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy.

EXPLANATION:

The resting membrane potential of a neuron is about -70 mV .this means that the inside of the neuron is 70 mV less than the outside. At rest, there are relatively more sodium ions outside the neuron and more potassium ions inside that neuron.

EXPLANATION;

Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. The liver is a vital organ that processes nutrients, filters the blood, and fights infections.

EXPLANATION:

HIV particle surrounds themselves with a coat of lipoprotein known as viral envelop or membrane

EXPLANATION:

Wendell Stanley studied the tobacco mosaic virus, which attacks the leaves of tobacco plants. From considerable quantities of infected tobacco leaves, he succeeded in extracting the virus in the form of pure crystals in 1935.

EXPLANATION;

"They do not have the ability to reproduce," is not a characteristic of viruses. Viruses are capable of reproducing, although they rely on host cells to do so. The correct statement should be: "Viruses have the ability to reproduce."

The frequency of a wave is defined as the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time. The time period is the amount of time it takes for one wave to pass a fixed point.

T = 2π√(l/g)

The mass of the pendulum does not affect the time period. So, if we replace the mass of the pendulum with a mass that is 3 times the old mass, the new time period will still be T.

The apparent change in the frequency of sound caused by the relative motion of either the source of sound or the listener or both is called the Doppler effect.

The Doppler effect is observed when there is relative motion between the source of sound and the observer. It results in a shift in the frequency of the sound waves, leading to a change in pitch when the source of sound or the observer is in motion.

fₙ = n * (v / 2L)

where: fₙ = resonant frequency (nth harmonic frequency) n = mode number (n = 1, 2, 3, ...)

Now, let's find the resonant frequencies for the first three modes (n = 1, 2, and 3):

For n = 1:
f₁ = 1 * (24 / (2 * 6))
f₁= 2 Hz

For n = 2:
f₂ = 2 * (24 / (2 * 6))
f₂= 4 Hz

For n = 3:
f₃ = 3 * (24 / (2 * 6))
f₃= 6 Hz

The total energy of a simple harmonic oscillator remains constant. At extreme positions, kinetic energy is zero (velocity is zero), and potential energy is maximum (maximum displacement). Throughout its motion, the energy continuously exchanges between kinetic and potential forms.

Since initial velocity is zero, therefore, the velocity- time graph must pass through the origin.

Since velocity is increasing at a uniform rate therefore, the velocity- time graph cannot be parallel to time – axis.

 If the velocity- time graph is parallel to velocity axis, then it would mean different velocities at any given time. This is physically impossible.

For the treatment of cancer, the source of gamma rays commonly used is Co-60 (Cobalt-60). Cobalt-60 is a radioactive isotope of cobalt and is widely used in radiation therapy for cancer treatment.

Lead (Pb) is a stable element. A stable element is one that does not undergo spontaneous radioactive decay. It means that lead does not naturally change into other elements over time through radioactive processes.

 Plutonium (Pu), Radium (Ra), and Protactinium (Pa) are radioactive elements. They are unstable and undergo radioactive decay, eventually transforming into other elements.

A material's radioactivity is measured in becquerels (Bq, international unit) and curies (Ci, U.S. unit). Because a curie is a large unit, radioactivity results are usually shown in picocuries (pCi)

T/m^2 is no the Unit of Radioactivity

Naturally occurring heavy nuclei are unstable so it breaks up to stable light nuclei. It spontaneously emits particles without the help of any outside agency like temperature and pressure. So radioactivity is a nuclear process and it does not depend upon temperature.

Explanation: 

Gamma rays can be generated under electron transitions in different orbits, typically when high-energy electrons move to lower energy levels or when particles undergo certain nuclear processes.

To clarify the options:

A) Infrared radiation is generated when electrons transition between energy levels in atoms and molecules.

B) Ultraviolet radiation is produced by electron transitions in atoms and molecules involving higher energy levels.

C) X-rays are generated when electrons undergo transitions from outer energy levels to inner energy levels in atoms.

half-life predicts the time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms to decay or disintegrate. After one half-life has passed, half of the original radioactive atoms will have decayed, and the other half will remain.

In vacuum (empty space), all photons, regardless of their energy or wavelength, travel at the same speed, which is the speed of light in vacuum, denoted by 'c'. This speed is approximately 299,792,458 meters per second (or about 186,282 miles per second).

In pair annihilation, a particle and its antiparticle collide and are converted into energy, typically in the form of two gamma ray photons. The process conserves both energy and momentum.

The law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant unless acted upon by an external force. When the particle and its antiparticle annihilate, they have opposite momenta, and to conserve momentum, the resulting gamma ray photons must also have equal but opposite momenta, hence traveling in opposite directions.

Rectification methods to convert AC (Alternating Current) to DC (Direct Current) include full-wave rectification and half-wave rectification. In both cases, rectification is performed by utilizing the characteristic that current flows only in the positive direction in a diode.

The wavelength of an electron is inversely proportional to its momentum, which is the product of its mass and velocity. Therefore, a short-wavelength electron has a high momentum and a high kinetic energy.

The additional components involved in a full wave rectifier circuit, such as diodes and a center-tapped transformer or a bridge rectifier configuration, can introduce some additional resistance. This extra resistance can contribute to the overall resistance of the full wave rectifier being slightly higher compared to a simple half wave rectifier, which typically involves only one diode.

A half wave rectifier only allows the positive half cycles of an AC signal to pass through. The negative half cycles are blocked. This results in a unidirectional current, which flows in only one direction.

When the torque generated by the back emf exceeds the external torque applied to the generator, the generator stops suddenly. This happens because the back emf's torque counteracts and overcomes the torque provided by an external force (such as an engine or mechanical input).

Flux = BA
Flux = (F/IL) A
Solve it Further you will get Answer

An ideal AC generator is a theoretical device that converts 100% of the mechanical energy input into electrical energy output.

⚠️Important: 
There are no losses in an ideal AC generator, so there is no heat dissipation.

⚠️ Important: 
When two resistors are connected in series, the total resistance is equal to the sum of the individual resistances. In this case, the two resistors are each of resistance R, so the total resistance is 2R.

Explanation:

“It increases the given AC voltage.”
 Correct — this is the basic function of a step-up transformer.
→ Appropriate statement

Option b:
“It decreases the given alternating current.”
Correct — if voltage is increased, current decreases to conserve power (P = VI).
→ Appropriate statement

Option c:
“Heat is never produced in step-up transformer.”
Incorrect for a real transformer (there are copper and core losses).
 But true for an ideal transformer (no losses).
→ Context-dependent

Option d:
“Its input energy is always less than output energy.”
This is always false — energy output can never exceed input.
→ Inappropriate statement (violates conservation of energy)

⚠️ Important
Practical transformers do produce heat, just like any other electrical device. The heat is produced by the resistance of the windings in the transformer. The amount of heat produced depends on the amount of current flowing through the windings and the resistance of the windings.

F = q * (v x B)

Since the neutron has no charge (q = 0), the magnetic force on the neutron is zero:

F = 0

According to Newton's second law, F = m * a, where m is the mass of the neutron and a is its acceleration.

Since F is zero, the acceleration of the neutron is also zero.

Explanation: 

The magnetic force on a charged particle is given by the following equation:

F = qvBsinθ

Potential divider circuit is made when resistance is divided. A potential divider is a circuit that produces a voltage that is a fraction of the input voltage. The voltage is divided across two resistors, and the ratio of the two resistors determines the fraction of the input voltage that is produced.

Magnetic lines of force are imaginary lines that show the direction of the magnetic field. They are not actual lines, but they are a useful way to visualize the magnetic field. The density of the lines of force indicates the strength of the magnetic field.

Magnetic lines of force are always continuous and never intersect. They point away from the north pole of a magnet and towards the south pole. The direction of the magnetic field is the direction in which a compass needle would point.

An isolated thermodynamic system is a system that does not exchange energy or matter with its surroundings. This means that no heat or mass can enter or leave the system.

When two bodies are in thermal equilibrium, they have the same temperature. In this case, body A has a temperature of 100°C and body B has a temperature of 0°C.

As heat flows from the hotter body to the colder body, the temperature of body A will decrease and the temperature of body B will increase. Eventually, they will reach a temperature of 45°C, at which point they will be in thermal equilibrium

When a projectile is launched, it initially has a certain velocity in a particular direction. As it moves upward against the force of gravity, its vertical velocity gradually decreases until it reaches its highest point, where it momentarily comes to a stop before reversing its direction and falling back down.

At the point of projection, the projectile has its maximum initial velocity, which determines the range and height it can achieve. After that, due to the influence of gravity, the vertical component of its velocity decreases until it reaches zero at the highest point.

The first condition of equilibrium states that for an object to remain in equilibrium, the net force acting upon it in all directions must be zero.

According to Newton's first law, a body in motion tends to remain in motion at a constant velocity.

EXPLANATION:

Acetone + HCN → Cyanohydrin Type of reaction: Nucleophilic addition (D) Nucleophile (CN⁻) attacks the carbonyl carbon of acetone, adding a cyanide group

acetic acid (CH3COOH) is a weaker acid than monochloroacetic acid (ClCH2COOH).

1. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is a weak acid.
2. Monochloroacetic acid (ClCH2COOH) is stronger than acetic acid.
3. Propionic acid (CH3CH2COOH) is stronger than acetic acid.
4. Trichloroacetic acid (CCl3COOH) is stronger than acetic acid.
5. Formic acid (HCOOH) is the strongest acid among the listed acids.

EXPLANATION:

Given that the rate of the reaction is 0.6 mol/dm³ s⁻¹ and the concentration of the reactant is 1 mol/dm³ (1 mole of reactant in 1 dm³), we can use the rate equation to find the rate constant (k):

0.6 mol/dm³ s⁻¹ = k * 1 mol/dm³

Solving for k:

k = 0.6 mol/dm³ s⁻¹

So, the rate constant (k) for this first-order reaction is 0.6 s⁻¹.

EXPLANATION:

the composition of german silver is Cu+Zn+Ni which is used in making utensils

EXPLANATION:

an anion has one or more electrons than its parent atom, resulting in an increased repulsion among the electrons and a decrease in the effective nuclear charge. As a result, the distance between the valence electrons and the nucleus is more in anions than in it’s the parent atom. Hence, an anion is larger in radius than its parent atom

EXPLANATION:

A cathode has a reduction potential that is more positive than the anode's reduction potential in an electrochemical cell. Reduction potential measures the tendency of a species to gain electrons and undergo reduction (a reduction half-reaction). A more positive reduction potential indicates a higher tendency for reduction to occur at the cathode compared to the anode. This potential difference drives the flow of electrons from the anode to the cathode, generating an electric current in the electrochemical cell.

Conjugate Solutions: Conjugate solutions are two separate solutions of different substances that become miscible (capable of mixing in all proportions) with each other at a certain temperature.

Merge into One Another: When the temperature is raised above a certain point, the two separate solutions mix together and form a single homogeneous solution.

Critical Solution Temperature: This is the temperature at which the two conjugate solutions merge into one another. At this specific temperature, the substances in the two solutions exhibit similar intermolecular forces and become fully soluble in each other.

EXPLANATION:

Beryllium has an exclusive +2 oxidation state in all of its compounds.

All alkaline metals, except for beryllium, are white in color when freshly cut or exposed to air. Beryllium has a unique silver-gray color. The other options (Magnesium, Calcium, and Strontium) are all white in appearance.

The solubility product is a kind of equilibrium constant and its value depends on temperature. Ksp usually increases with an increase in temperature due to increased solubility

B. Solvent: The nature of the solvent affects the solubility of different substances but does not directly affect the solubility product constant.

C. Pressure: For solid ionic compounds, pressure does not significantly impact solubility, and it does not directly affect the solubility product constant.

D. Catalyst: A catalyst facilitates the rate of a chemical reaction but does not have a direct effect on the solubility product constant.

EXPLANATION:

Internal energy is the sum of all the various forms of microscopic energies possessed by the molecules and atoms in the system.

Optical activity of a compound refers to its ability to rotate the plane of polarized light. A polarimeter is the instrument used to measure this optical activity. It is designed to analyze how a sample solution interacts with plane-polarized light and determine the extent and direction of its rotation.

The other options listed are not used to measure optical activity:

A. Hydrometer: A hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity or relative density of liquids.

B. Barometer: A barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure.

C. Calorimeter: A calorimeter is used to measure the heat transfer or heat of reaction during chemical reactions.

EXPLANATION:

An open system can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings. The stovetop example would be an open system, because heat and water vapor can be lost to the air.

D. Tautomerism:  is the structural isomerism in which isomers exist in dynamic equilibrium with each other. In tautomerism, a molecule exists in two or more forms that readily interconvert due to the migration of a hydrogen atom and the rearrangement of the double bonds or other features in the molecule.