In plants, regions of continuous growth are made up of meristematic tissue. Meristematic tissue consists of actively dividing cells and is responsible for the growth of the plant. It is found in areas called meristems, which are regions of the plant where cell division occurs.

The first menstruation occurs during puberty in humans. This menstrual is called menarche, which means the onset of menstruation and hence the ability to get fertilized.

the lungs are highly elastic organs. Their elastic properties allow them to expand during inhalation and recoil during exhalation. This elasticity is due to the presence of elastin fibers in the lung tissue, which can stretch and then return to their original shape.

While bile is produced by the liver, it is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder before being released into the small intestine. The gallbladder acts as a reservoir for bile, and its main function is to concentrate and store bile between meals.

The word "Mollusca" is of Latin origin, derived from the Latin word "molluscus," which means "soft." Mollusks are a diverse group of invertebrate animals that include familiar organisms such as snails, clams, squids, and octopuses.

Flagella are thin, hair-like appendages found on many species of bacteria that serve as a primary means of motility. These whip-like structures rotate or move in a coordinated fashion to propel the bacterium

Competitive enzyme inhibitors possess a similar shape to that of the substrate molecule and compete with the substrate for the active site of the enzyme

cell wall is secreted by protoplasm of the cell

some co-factors are small organic molecule called as co enzymes

Extreme halophiles are a group of archaea that thrive in high-salt environments. They are specifically adapted to live in environments with salt concentrations that are many times higher than what most organisms.

Myofibrils show alternate dark and light bands in skeletal and cardiac muscles and hence they show striation 

the chemical composition of carbohydrate in bacterial cell is 3%

telencephalon consists of both the pair of olfactory bulbs and cerebrum

the medulla contains two interconnected centers that control breathing: the inspiratory center and the expiratory center . the inspiratory center is the primary respiratory center

Lysozyme is an enzyme found in various bodily secretions, including tears, saliva, and sweat, and it does have the ability to break down the cell walls of bacteria. This enzyme targets and cleaves the bonds that make up the peptidoglycan layer in bacterial cell walls.

The principle "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" was suggested by Ernst Haeckel, a German biologist, naturalist, and philosopher. He proposed this concept as a way to explain the development of organisms during their embryonic stages.According to Haeckel's idea, the stages of an individual organism's embryonic development (ontogeny) reflect or recapitulate the evolutionary history of its species (phylogeny). 

EXPLANATION:

HIV particle surrounds themselves with a coat of lipoprotein known as viral envelop or membrane

In the islets of Langerhans within the pancreas, the alpha cells produce the hormone glucagon. Glucagon is released in response to low blood sugar levels and has the opposite effect of insulin.

A ganglion (plural: ganglia) is a collection of neuron cell bodies located outside the central nervous system. Ganglia can be found in various parts of the body, including the peripheral nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane (PM) or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space) The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, made up of two layers of phospholipids with cholesterols (a lipid component) interspersed between them, maintaining appropriate membrane fluidity at various temperatures. .cell membrane is chemically composed of lipids of about 20-40% 

Binding of Ca2+ with troponin in the skeletal muscles and leads to the exposure of the binding
site for myosin on the filament actin

A test cross is an experimental cross of an individual organism of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype and an organism with a homozygous recessive genotype (and phenotype).

All test crosses are considered as backcrosses, but all backcrosses are not the test crosses. During backcross, F1 hybrid is crossed back with any of the parents, either homozygous or heterozygous. However, during test cross, F 1 hybrid is always crossed back with the recessive parent

Bacterial capsules are primarily composed of polysaccharides, although some capsules can be made of polypeptides (proteins). These structures provide protection, adhesion, and immune evasion for the bacteria.

EXPLANATION:

The Calvin cycle reactions can be divided into three main stages: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of the starting molecule.

Triglycerides are the most common and abundant form of acylglycerols in living organisms. Triglycerides, also known as triacylglycerols, consist of glycerol molecules linked to three fatty acid chains through ester bonds.

in 1935  J F danielle and Davson represents a model which state that "lipid bilayer is covered with proteins and proteins pores"

chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments are present in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts in plant cells.

the gene for albinism is found on chromosome number 11.

Albinism is a genetic disorder characterized by a lack of melanin production, resulting in the absence of pigmentation in the skin, hair, and eyes. Mutations in the OCA2 (Oculocutaneous albinism type II) gene located on chromosome 11 are associated with a specific form of albinism known as OCA2 or "tyrosinase-positive" oculocutaneous albinism.

Echinoderms, a phylum that includes organisms like starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers, typically exhibit bilateral symmetry during their larval stages. However, in their adult forms, echinoderms typically display a distinctive five-fold radial symmetry.

Glucagon is secreted by the alpha cells (α-cells) of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Glucagon acts in opposition to insulin

Hemerythrin: This is an oxygen-carrying protein found in some marine invertebrates. It contains iron, similar to hemoglobin in our blood.

Oxygenation State:

Oxygenated: When hemerythrin binds oxygen, it turns a pink or violet color.

Deoxygenated: When hemerythrin releases oxygen, it becomes colorless.

Important note: This is different from human blood where deoxygenated hemoglobin is a darker red, not colorless.

Collagen is a tough, fibrous protein that is the main structural component of various connective tissues in the body. It provides strength, stability, and support to tissues such as skin, tendons, ligaments, bones, and cartilage.

pacemaker or SA node is located at the junction of the crista terminalis in the upper wall of the right atrium and the opening of the superior vena cava. These cells have the ability to spontaneous generate an electrical impulse.

fastest bacterial replicators only double their biomass every 20 minutes

EXPLANATION:

Insulin is a hormone that lowers the level of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood. It's made by the beta cells of the pancreas and released into the blood when the glucose level goes up, such as after eating.

Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that occurs in cells to extract energy from glucose and other organic molecules. ATP is the primary molecule used to store and transfer energy within cells plays a central role in cellular respiration.

when two genes are linked. Linkage, refers to the closeness of genes or other DNA sequences to one another on the same chromosome. So, when two genes are on the same chromosome, they cannot be assorted independently

EXPLANATION:

The fixation of carbon dioxide and the formation of carbohydrates takes place in the chloroplast present in plant cells. The enzymatic reactions help incorporate carbon dioxide into the plants which lead to the synthesis of sugar molecules and it takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts.

A higher activation energy means that more energy is needed for reactant molecules to overcome the energy barrier and transform into products, which results in a slower reaction rate

fluidity of membrane is dependent on its lipid components including phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol

stroma covers most of the volume of the chloroplast. it is a fluid which surrounds thylakoids. it contains proteins, some ribosomes and a small circular DNA

EXPLANATION:

Ribose is an aldopentose (a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms that, in its open chain form, has an aldehyde functional group at one end). In the conventional numbering scheme for monosaccharides, the carbon atoms are numbered from C1' (in the aldehyde group) to C5

Multiple alleles of a gene occupy the same locus on the chromosome. Multiple alleles are the alternative forms of the same gene so they influence the same trait. The wild-type allele is mostly dominant over the mutant alleles. The wild type is considered the standard and all other alleles are considered variants.

Fascia is a thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber and muscle in place

A goiter is the irregular growth of the thyroid gland. The most common cause of a goiter worldwide is a lack of iodine in the diet

superior and inferior vena cava both are the largest veins in the body

in molluscs hemocyanin is present as respiratory pigment

Isozymes, which are multiple forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same reaction but may have different properties, can be synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of acinar cells in the pancreas.

The 3 types of muscle tissue are cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscles

The "tail" of a chlorophyll molecule is typically referred to as the "phytol tail." It is a hydrophobic, long, hydrocarbon chain.

EXPLANATION:

The amino acid in which the variable group (R) is represented by a hydrogen (H) atom is glycine. Glycine is the simplest amino acid and has a hydrogen atom as its R-group.

EXPLANATION:

The money plant, also known as Devil's Ivy or Epipremnum aureum, is not a carnivorous plant. It is a popular houseplant known for its attractive foliage and ease of care. 

The word comes from combining glycerine and aldehyde, as glyceraldehyde is merely glycerine with one hydroxide changed to an aldehyde.

this is a condition of organization in which the parts of the body are arranged around the central axis in such a way that any plane passing through the central axis divides the animal in halves that are almost mirror image of each other e.g cnidarians(coelenterata), the cylindrical body of sea anemone can be cut into two equal halves vertically in any plane 

EXPLANATION:

steroid is formed by a backbone of four fused carbon rings containing 17 carbon atoms

Secretin, released by the duodenum, targets the pancreas, stimulating the release of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice. This response neutralizes acidic chyme, facilitating optimal conditions for digestive enzyme activity in the small intestine

four pairs of cranial nerves are mixed in nature i-e IV, VII,IX and X

EXPLANATION:

Hormones act as chemical messengers that are released into the blood stream to act on an organ in another part of the body.

EXPLANATION:

Mumps and measles is a disease caused by an RNA virus classified in the Paramyxoviridae family.

During spermatogenesis, the type A daughter cell remains at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules. These cells play a role in maintaining the germ cell line and can further divide to produce more daughter cells.

The cell wall of bacteria is primarily made up of a complex molecule called peptidoglycan, also known as murein.

Charles Darwin used the phrase "struggle for existence". struggle for existence means competition (as for food, space, or light) of members of a natural population that tends to eliminate weaker or less efficient individuals and thereby to increase the chance of the stronger or more efficient individuals to pass on their traits.

Acoelomate animals, such as flatworms, do not have a true body cavity (coelom), and their digestive system  forms from the endoderm, which is one of the primary germ layers

optimum PH for urease enzyme will be 7.0

EXPLANATION:

Carbon is indeed the most abundant element by mass(among the given options) in the human body. It makes up about 18.5% of the body's mass, followed by oxygen, which comprises approximately 65%.

the name of cnidaria has been given to this group of animals due to the presence of special cells called cnidocytes. these cells give rise to nematocysts- the stinging cells characteristic of this group

When  2-methyl butene-2 is subjected to ozonolysis and then reduced in presence of dimethyl sulphide or Zn dust, it yields acetone and acetaldehyde.

Cycloaddition of a molecule of ozone occurs first and then it is cleaved reductively to give aldehyde and ketone.

The net reaction is:

(BOOK LINE)

Non-spontaneous is carried out by the electricity provided by a source.

Kc does not provide information about the direction of the reaction (which requires comparison with Q), changes in reaction conditions (as Kc is constant at a fixed temperature), or the initial concentration of reactants (since Kc only reflects equilibrium concentrations). Therefore, it does not tell about the initial concentration of reactants.

Surface Tension is the tendency of a fluid to occupy least surface area as possible. It is defined as the force per unit distance. So, the spherical shape that is acquired by a water drop is due to surface tension.

n = 3 and l = 1 point to the 3p subshell, which has three p-orbitals.
ml = –1 selects just one of those orbitals.
A single orbital can house 2 electrons (ms = +½ and –½), so the maximum possible is 2 electrons.

Acetylene reacts with ammoniacal solutions of cuprous chloride and silver nitrate to form both acetylides and alkynides. The correct answer is "both" because:

1. It forms metal acetylides (Cu₂C₂ and Ag₂C₂).
2. Acetylides are a type of alkynide.

Molar mass of NaOH=23+16+1=40 g/mol.
Determine the number of moles in 60g of sodium hydroxide:
Number of moles = Given mass / Molar mass
Number of moles =60/40=1.5

At high pressure attractive forces between gas molecules exist but according to kmt no attractive forces between gas molecules at all.

According to VSEPR theory (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory), the geometry of a covalent molecule depends on:

1. The number of bond pairs of electrons (shared between atoms)
2. The number of lone pairs of electrons (non-bonding pairs on the central atom)
3. The number of electron pairs present in the outer shell of the central atom, which includes both bonding and lone pairs.

When the value of Kc is very small, it indicates that the reaction favors the reactants at equilibrium. This means that only a small amount of the reactants are converted into products, and the equilibrium position lies far to the left, with the concentration of products being much lower than that of the reactants.

The functions whose value depends only on the state of a system are known as state functions.

This series includes elements like scandium (Sc), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu), where electrons fill the 3d orbitals.

The cleavage of ethylene ozonide (produced by the ozonolysis of ethylene) with zinc and water yields two molecules of formaldehyde (HCHO).

This process breaks the ozonide intermediate into smaller carbonyl compounds, and in the case of ethylene, the product is formaldehyde. So, the correct answer is formaldehyde.

This is because the molecule has a chiral carbon atom (a carbon atom attached to four different groups), allowing for two non-superimposable mirror images (enantiomers), which is the key feature of optical isomerism.

H₂ (hydrogen) is non-polar because it consists of two identical hydrogen atoms sharing electrons equally. There is no difference in electronegativity between the atoms, so no dipole is formed.

In dry ice (solid CO2​ ), constituents are molecules. The various molecules are held together through weak forces like dipole-dipole interaction, dipole-induced dipole interaction etc. thus it is an molecular crystal.

Maximum number of electrons in particular subshell = 2 × (2ℓ +1)

for " d " The value of ℓ = 2 so 2*(2(2)+1) = 2(5) = 10

The total number of electrons in $18$ ml of water is 6.02×10²⁴. Since, the density is $1$ g/mL, $18$ ml of water corresponds to $18$ g or $1$ mole as the molecular weight of water is $18$ g/mole.

 $1$ mole of water contains $10$ moles of electrons, $8$ moles of electrons from $O$ and $2$ moles of electrons from $H$.  

$1$ mole of electrons corresponds to Avogadro's number which is 6.02×10²³ $\times$ $10$ moles of electrons will correspond to 6.02×10²⁴ electrons.

The forward reaction is accompanied by the increase in the number of gaseous moles. Hence increase of pressure will favour the reverse reaction.

steps to balance redox equations using the ion-electron method:

1. Write a skeleton equation showing only the substances involved in the reaction.
2. Split the equation into oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
3. Balance the atoms of each element in each half-reaction.
4. Add H2O or H+ to balance oxygen and hydrogen atoms in acidic solution; add OH- to balance excess oxygen atoms in basic solution.
5. Balance the charges by adding electrons to one side of each half-reaction.
6. Multiply each half-reaction by a number so that the electrons lost equals the electrons gained.
7. Add the two half-reactions and simplify if necessary, ensuring that the number of atoms and charges are balanced on both sides.

This series corresponds to elements in the 4d block of the periodic table, which includes elements like zirconium (Zr), molybdenum (Mo), and silver (Ag).

When ethylene is treated with peracetic acid, it forms ethylene oxide (also known as epoxyethane or oxirane).

All three names refer to the same compound:

• Ethylene oxide is the common name.
• Epoxyethane highlights its epoxy group.
• Oxirane is the IUPAC name for the three-membered cyclic ether.

SN1 (Substitution Nucleophilic Unimolecular) reactions, which involve a two-step process: the formation of a carbocation intermediate and then the nucleophilic attack.

E1 (Elimination Unimolecular) reactions also follow a two-step mechanism: the formation of a carbocation intermediate followed by deprotonation to form the alkene.

Cm be carried out with both, but product will be different; 

For conc.nitric acid product is picric acid
For dilute nitric acid product is ortho/para mixture

For Sn, there are two oxidation states +2 and +4. Out of these, Sn2+ is formed due to the inert pair effect, where the valence shell s− electrons remain paired instead of participating in bond formation.

Be has a diagonal relationship with Al.

Oxygen, silicon, iron and aluminum are the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust, accounting for 88.1% of its mass.

1 Calorie = 4.18 Joules

The reaction rate constant depends on temperature only.

Ionic character of a bond is directly proportional to the difference of electro negativities of bonded atoms.
So, H – F in which electronegativity difference is highest, will have highest ionic character

The electronegativity difference is maximum in O—H bond hence O—H bond length is the smallest among the given set.

Melting point and boiling point is not anisotropic behaviour

All are non-polar but I2 largest in size so have greater forces

liquid have strong forces than gases but not strong enough to form definite shape.

according to Charles law  V1/t1=V2/T2 and density= m/v so v=m/d put m/d instead of volume we will get d1T1= d2t2

For the two electrons occupying the same orbital values of n, I and ml are same but ms is different, i.e., +1/2 and -1/2

Principal quantum number for 2p-orbitals (n) is 2.

Azimuthal quantum number for 2p-orbitals (l) is 1.

The s-kind has only one orbital

The p-kind has three orbitals

The d-kind has five orbitals

The f-kind has seven orbitals

Explanation: l = 3 means f-subshell Maximum no. of electrons in f-subshell = 14 

Thus, 2g H2​ contains the maximum number of atoms among the given.

Explanation:

Moles of hydrogen 
$=\frac{\mathrm{10/}}{2}=5\text{mol}$
Moles of oxygen 
$=\frac{\mathrm{64/}}{32}=2\text{mol}$
$2H_2+O_2\to 2H_{2}O$

Thus, $O_2$ is the limiting reactant.
$\therefore$ amount of water produced $=2\times 2\text{mol}$
$=4\text{mol}$

Audio Explanation

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If the Q-t graph represents a pure current, then it will be a straight line that is parallel to the time axis, as the amount of charge flowing through the circuit is constant over time, resulting in a constant current.

In this case, the slope of the Q-t graph is zero, as there is no change in charge with respect to time.

When two ice cubes are pressed together, pressure at the contact area causes the melting points to decrease, which results in a thin layer of water between them. Once the pressure is removed, the melting point rises back, causing the water layer to refreeze and bond the ice cubes together.

Every Oscillatory Motion is Periodic, but every periodic motion need not be Oscillatory

1 minute=6 degree
so 
6 minute = 36 degree

By definition, the total mechanical energy of a system is always be conserved except in the presence of non-conservative forces, namely friction and air resistance.

From Newton'a second law, force $F=ma$

$⟹$  F / a ​= m

Thus ratio of force and acceleration is equal to mass of the body.

Ball thrown vertically will suffer retardation of 'g'.
time taken by gravity to reduce balls speed to zero.

Vf=Vi+gt
0=100+(-10)t
t=10sec.
Ball will be at its peak at t=10sec.

It will take same amount of time to come back to ground total time T=20sec.

The most commonly used unit is Joules;
erg is also a unit of energy and it is equal to 10^-7 Joules. 

Energy = Power x time so the units are kWh (kilo Watt hour).

The main function of a capacitor is to store energy in an electric field between two conductive plates separated by an insulating material. Therefore, the correct answer is option B, "Store energy".

Capacitors are commonly used in electrical circuits for a variety of purposes, such as smoothing out fluctuations in power supply voltages, filtering out noise or unwanted frequencies, and timing circuits. However, they do not block current flow, but instead allow alternating current (AC) to pass through while blocking direct current (DC). Capacitors do not dissipate heat, but they can generate heat under certain conditions, such as when they are subjected to high voltage or high frequency signals.

Total charge required 1 Coulomb
∴ q = 1C
since q = ne
⟹ n = q/e
⟹ n = 1/1.6×10^-19
⟹ 6.25×10¹⁸  

A photon transfers a part of its energy to the colliding electron, so its energy decreases, and consequently wavelength increases. This is because the energy of a photon is inversely proportional to the wavelength of a photon.

  Work is found by finding the change in kinetic energy. Since the car started from rest it had no initial kinetic energy. KE=Δ.5(3000kg)(60)2
=5400000J
Divide by 1000 to convert to kilojoules and get 5400 kilojoules.