water becomes less dense when it freezes that is why ice floats on the surface of water

All animals begin their life cycle as a single fertilized egg, or zygote. This zygote undergoes a series of developmental stages, including cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis, to form a complex multicellular organism.

adding substrate will not make a difference to the enzyme catalyzed reaction when few enzyme molecules are left unsaturated

the cerebellum is primarily concerned with  balancing during active movement

flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a coenzyme. It plays a crucial role in various biochemical reactions, particularly in redox reactions in metabolism. FAD is involved in the transfer of electrons and hydrogen atoms, contributing to processes such as the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

purines are double-ringed nitrogenous bases. They consist of a fused double-ring structure with a six-membered and a five-membered ring. The two main purines in DNA and RNA are adenine (A) and guanine (G).

getting vaccinated is an effective method for preventing viral infections in humans. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to recognize and fight specific viruses, thereby providing immunity and protection against those infections.

In Cnidarians (Coelenterates), a form of alternation can occur between polyp and medusa stages

Malpighian tubules are responsible for excretion in many arthropods, including insects and some arachnids. These tubules function in the removal of nitrogenous wastes and help maintain osmotic balance by excreting waste products into the digestive tract, where they are then eliminated from the body.

parazoa are simple multicellular animals which are believed to have evolved from protists

haemophilia A is more common in human population

Rh antibodies are produced in Rh -ve person after expose to Rh antigen

the correct answer is 6. In the structure of a sarcomere, each myosin filament is surrounded by 6 actin filaments at each end. This hexagonal arrangement is essential for muscle contraction, as it allows myosin heads to interact with actin filaments efficiently.

hyaline cartilage is found at the end of long bones 

at the beginning of menstrual phase the ovarian hormones are at the lowest level 

Sertoli cells do not produce testosterone.

Sertoli cells are primarily involved in supporting and nourishing the developing sperm cells within the seminiferous tubules of the testes. They provide physical support, secrete various factors that regulate spermatogenesis, and help in the formation of the blood-testis barrier.

endospore formation is a vegetative process

E. coli (Escherichia coli) is indeed a prokaryote. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. In E. coli, the genetic material is not enclosed within a nucleus but is instead located in a region called the nucleoid.

Bradykinin is a peptide that is produced at the site of tissue injury. It plays a key role in inflammation by causing blood vessels to dilate (leading to increased blood flow) and making tissues more permeable, which allows immune cells to reach the site of injury more effectively.

the trachea lies ventral (in front) to the esophagus in the human body. The esophagus is located posterior (behind) to the trachea.

the SA node is located in the upper dorsal wall of the right atrium

darwin's "origin of species by natural selection" is mainly concerned with speciation

according to neo darwinism reproductive isolation is the cause of evolution

neutrophils are not made by the thymus gland. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell produced in the bone marrow, not the thymus gland. The thymus gland is primarily involved in the maturation of T cells, another type of white blood cell.

phosphatases are the example of hydrolases 

hippocampus plays a key role in long term memory

the neuron is said to be polarized when the inside of the plasma membrane has a negative energy compared to the outside

membrane proteins regulates the selective permeability of the plasma membrane allowing movement of molecules according to the needs of the cells

conjugation is the mode of genetic exchange between bacteria involves cell to cell contact between the bacterial cells

heat of vaporization is the heat required to convert a gram of water into vapours at its boiling point 

sucrose is hydrolyzed into glucose and fructose

Pyruvic acid (C₃H₄O₃) contains 3 carbon atoms. This molecule is an important intermediate in several metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, where glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (the conjugate base of pyruvic acid). Each pyruvate molecule has three carbon atoms.

the protein coat surrounding the genome of virus is called  capsid

an additional covering surrounds the cell wall of some bacteria that either prevent the bacteria from being phagocyted by host cells or helps them to make biofilms, that covering is called glycocalyx

Viruses are not classified based on a cell membrane because they do not have a cell membrane. Unlike living cells, viruses are acellular (not made up of cells) and consist of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) enclosed within a protein coat called a capsid

the cells of endoderm of coelenterates are specialized for  digestion

the carotenoid absorb light in the visible spectrum between 500nm and 600nm wavelengths

locus of a gene on a chromosomes means its  position

hip joint and shoulder joint are examples of  ball and socket joint

the genome of HIV is made up of RNA

a bacterium with single polar flagellum is  called monotrichous

cytotoxic T cells directly kill invaders

the concept that an organism can pass on acquired modifications to its offsprings is proposed by lamarck

enzymes are proteins. They are specialized proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions in living organisms. Each enzyme is specific to a particular reaction or type of reaction, due to the unique shape of its active site where the substrate molecules bind.

the total number of cranial nerves in human body are 12 pairs i-e 24 in numbers

the cells of non virulent strain of streptococcus pneumonia are non capsulated and are called R type

Hydrolysis is the opposite of a condensation reaction.

• Hydrolysis involves breaking down a compound by adding water. During this process, a water molecule is used to break the bonds between monomers in a polymer, resulting in the formation of simpler molecules
• Condensation reaction (also known as dehydration synthesis) is when two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, with the release of a water molecule.

Glucose is classified as a monosaccharide, which is the simplest form of carbohydrates. Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules and serve as the basic building blocks for more complex carbohydrates. Glucose, with the chemical formula C₆H₁₂O₆, is an essential energy source for cells in most living organisms.

the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) is indeed a rod-shaped virus. It is one of the most well-known plant viruses and primarily affects tobacco plants, as well as other members of the Solanaceae family. The rod-like structure of TMV is due to its helical arrangement of RNA and protein subunits.

Mendal's law of independent assortment can be explained by behaviour of chromosomes in meiosis

Prolactin is the hormone that is increased in breastfeeding mothers. It plays a crucial role in the production of breast milk by stimulating the mammary glands.

teichoic acid is present in the cell wall of gram positive bacteria but not in gram negative bacteria

thymus gland is involved in maturation T lymphocytes

erythroblastosis foetalis occurs when mother is Rh negative and father is Rh positive

vasa vasorum is known as vessels of the vessels

cofactors alters the shape of enzymes and makes them functional 

influx of Na+ ions across the post synaptic membrane brings membrane potential to threshold

a shallow groove is cerebrum is called sulcus and deep groove is called fissure

function of the nucleolus is to form rRNA

storage diseases are caused by the excessive accumulation of substances within the cell , due to defects (mutations) in one of the lysosomal enzymes

the coenzyme NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is indeed made up of nucleotides. It consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base, and the other contains nicotinamide. This structure allows NAD to function as an essential electron carrier in various biochemical reactions

the chloroplast is the organelle responsible for the synthesis of sugars in autotrophic eukaryotes. This process occurs through photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy stored in sugars, such as glucose.

a male or a female child of an affected mother has 50% chance of acquiring the disorder. such disorder is X linked dominant disorder

muscle fatigue results due to deficiency of ATP and excess accumulation of lactic acid

the incubation period of syphillis is  2-3 weeks

autoclave chambers are used for sterilization of surgical instruments

cell death due to tissue damage is called  necrosis

High temperature provides the thermal energy needed to overcome the bonds holding the ice in a solid state.

High pressure helps to stabilize the liquid phase, as ice is less dense than water and increases pressure promotes melting.

Audio Explanation: 

The amount of heat absorbed when one mole of a liquid changes to gas at its boiling point is called the latent heat of vaporization.

This is the energy required to overcome intermolecular forces and convert a liquid into a gas at constant temperature and pressure, without changing the temperature of the substance.

The electronic configuration
[Ne]5s2, 5p5
corresponds to an element in the Group 17 (halogens) of the periodic table.

The configuration shows that the element has 7 valence electrons (5 from the 5p orbital and 2 from the 5𝑠 orbital).
This matches the configuration of iodine (I), which is in Period 5 of the periodic table.

Reference: KPK Book Table

Extra Point: Highlighted With Yellow= KMU-MDCAT 2023 MCQs

The compound X that reacts with Grignard's reagent to produce a tertiary alcohol is a ketone.

When a Grignard reagent (𝑅𝑀𝑔𝑋) reacts with a ketone, the result is a tertiary alcohol after the addition of water (acidic workup). The general reaction is:

Ketone + Grignard’s reagent→ Tertiary alcohol

Optical isomers are molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other and have the property of rotating plane-polarized light in different directions.

They are a type of stereoisomer specifically characterized by their ability to interact with polarized light, which is why they are also called optical isomers.

For an endothermic reaction, the energy of activation (activation energy) is the minimum energy required to start the reaction. The activation energy (𝐸𝑎) is given by:

𝐸𝑎=𝐻_reaction + Δ𝐻_reaction
​

where 𝐻_reaction is the enthalpy change of the reaction (which is positive for endothermic reactions), and
reaction represents the overall energy change.

In an endothermic reaction, since Δ𝐻_reaction is positive, the activation energy must be higher than the enthalpy change of the reaction. Thus, the minimum value for the activation energy will be greater than the enthalpy of the reaction.

Resonance energy is the difference between the actual energy of a molecule and the energy of the most stable Lewis structure.

A higher resonance energy means that the molecule's actual energy is significantly lower than that predicted by the simple Lewis structures, indicating that the molecule is more stabilized by resonance.

Therefore, greater resonance energy usually corresponds to increased stability due to the delocalization of electrons.

The ideal geometry for a molecule with four electron pairs around the central atom (like in a tetrahedral arrangement) would be a regular tetrahedron.

In water, the two hydrogen atoms and two lone pairs on the oxygen atom result in a bent or V-shaped geometry due to the repulsion between the lone pairs and bonding pairs.

The bond angle in water is approximately 104.5°, which is less than the ideal tetrahedral angle of 109.5° due to the repulsion from the lone pairs.

Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate found in plant cell walls. Humans lack the necessary enzyme, cellulase, to break down cellulose into digestible sugars.

Starch is digestible as humans have enzymes like amylase to break it down into simpler sugars.

Denatured proteins can still be digested; denaturation does not affect the protein's digestibility but changes its structure.

In Chemistry: Work Done By The System =Negative
In Chemistry: Work Done On The System =Positive
Important Points: For Calculation we use different formulas in Physics and Chemistry
Remember: In Physics: Q=U+W
Remember: In Chemistry: Q=U-W
Now in This MCQs of Chemistry, Work is Done by the system: So in chemistry formula Replace W with negative W
Correct Answer is: Q=U-(-W)
After rearranging: Q=U+W
And we can Say: U=Q-W (Work done by the system)

The Wolff Kishner reduction of ketones utilizes hydrazine (NH₂NH₂) as the reducing agent in the presence of strong base (KOH) in a high-boiling protic solvent (ethylene glycol, HO-CH₂CH₂-OH, boiling point 197 °C). The driving force for the reaction is the conversion of hydrazine to nitrogen gas.

Alkanoic acids are alkane-derived organic compounds that contain the carboxylate (-COOH) functional group.

The compressibility factor 𝑍 is a measure of how much a real gas deviates from ideal gas behavior. It is defined as:

𝑍=𝑃𝑉/𝑛𝑅𝑇

If 𝑍<1: The gas is more compressible than an ideal gas, typically at low temperatures or high pressures, due to attractive intermolecular forces.

If 𝑍>1: The gas is less compressible, often at high temperatures or low pressures, where repulsive forces dominate.

The Lucas test is used to differentiate between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols based on how quickly they react with Lucas reagent (a mixture of concentrated HCl and ZnCl₂) to form alkyl halides.

The rate at which the turbidity (cloudiness) forms indicates the type of alcohol:

Tertiary alcohols react the fastest (almost immediately).

Secondary alcohols react more slowly.

Primary alcohols either react very slowly or not at all at room temperature.

The molecular mass of oxygen (O₂) is 32u
(since each oxygen atom has a mass of 16 u).
The molecular mass of methane (CH₄) is 16u
So:

1 molecule of O₂ = 32 u
2 molecules of CH₄ = 2 × 16 u = 32
Thus, one molecule of O₂ has the same mass as two molecules of CH₄ in terms of molecular mass, but not individual molecule comparison.

On of the most important reactions of alcohols is their oxidation to carbonyl containing compounds such as aldehyde, ketones, and carboxylic acid.

Typically primary alcohols, depending on the reagent used, produce aldehydes or carboxylic acids during oxidations. Secondary alcohols are oxidized to produce ketones, and tertiary alcohols are usually not affected by oxidations.

When naming organic compounds with substituents, the IUPAC naming rules prioritize:

1. The lowest set of locants (position numbers) for the substituents.
2. Alphabetical order of substituents.

For the given structure:

• The substituents are bromo, chloro, and iodo.
• Assign the numbers to give the lowest locants:
  • Bromo at position 2
  • Chloro at position 4
  • Iodo at position 3
• Alphabetically, bromo comes before chloro and iodo.

Tollen's reagent is a chemical used to determine the presence of aldehyde functional group and the reagent consists of silver nitrate and ammonia.

A positive test shows the precipitates of silver in the form of silver mirror inside the reaction vessel.

The secondary structure arises from the hydrogen bonds formed between atoms of the polypeptide backbone.

Alkyl halides follow the reactivity sequence, R−I>R−Br>R−Cl>R−F.

For the simplest case of alkyl alcohols, primary alcohols are more acidic than secondary alcohols which are more acidic than tertiary alcohols.

This is because the strength of the alcohol as an acid is dependent on the corresponding strength of its conjugate base, the alkoxide ion. A more stabilised alkoxide is a weaker conjugate base and hence the alcohol will be more acidic.

The correct order of acidity is:

Primary Alcohol > Secondary Alcohol > Tertiary Alcohol.

As the atomic number increases, the reactivity of the halogens decreases. Fluorine and chlorine exist as gases at room temperature, while bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid.

One mole of a substance is equal to 6.022 × 10²³ units of that substance (such as atoms, molecules, or ions). The number 6.022 × 10²³ is known as Avogadro's number or Avogadro's constant.

The limiting reagent in a chemical reaction is the reactant that will be consumed completely. Once there is no more of that reactant, the reaction cannot proceed. Therefor it limits the reaction from continuing. The excess reagent is the reactant that could keep reacting if the other had not been consumed.

The SI unit for pressure is the pascal (Pa), equal to one newton per square metre (N/m², or kg·m⁻¹·s⁻²). Pascal is a so-called coherent derived unit in the SI with a special name and symbol.

Examples of activating groups in the relative order from the most activating group to the least activating:

-NH₂, -NR₂ > -OH, -OR> -NHCOR> -CH₃ and other alkyl groups

with R as alkyl groups (C_nH_2n+1)

Examples of deactivating groups in the relative order from the most deactivating to the least deactivating:

-NO₂, COOH, Cl, NH₃ -CF₃> -COR, -CN, -CO₂R, -SO₃H > Halogens

with R as alkyl groups (C_nH_2n+1)

The order of reactivity among Halogens from the more reactive (least deactivating substituent) to the least reactive (most deactivating substituent) halogen is:

F> Cl > Br > I

Canal rays are also known as anode rays. They are positively charged radiations (simply called positive rays) that are in fact a beam of positive ions created by certain types of gas-discharge tubes.

r=0.529×n²A⁰
r=0.529×9 A⁰
For n=3
r=4.761A⁰

When a sodium atom loses one electron to become a sodium ion (Na⁺), it has one less electron but the same number of protons.

This increases the effective nuclear charge (the net positive charge experienced by the electrons), pulling the remaining electrons closer to the nucleus.

As a result, the ionic radius of Na⁺ is significantly smaller than the atomic radius of Na.

When an element occurs in different physical forms, it is called allotropy, and the different physical forms are known as allotropes.

When magnesium (Mg) reacts with 2 molecules of water (H₂O), the compound formed is magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂), along with the release of hydrogen gas.

Reaction:
Mg+2H₂O→Mg(OH)₂+H₂
This reaction occurs at room temperature, where magnesium reacts slowly with cold water, forming magnesium hydroxide and releasing hydrogen gas (H₂).

Dehydrohalogenation of vicinal dihalides is a useful intermediate step in the conversion of alkenes to alkynes. For example, chlorination of 1-propene gives 1,2-dichloropropane – a vicinal dihalide, which upon double dehydrohalogenation yields 1-propyne.

Similarly, alkynes can also be synthesized from ketones via dehydrohalogenation of geminal dihalides. For example, treatment of acetone with phosphorous pentachloride yields 2,2-dichloropropane – a geminal dihalide, which undergoes double dehydrohalogenation to give 1-propyne.

option B it represents the reduction half-reaction at the cathode during water electrolysis, where water molecules gain electrons to form hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions.

This aligns with the overall electrolysis process of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen gases.

From the figure, picric acid does not contain COOH
group. 

The prefix iso- is used when the second carbon of the alkane branch carries one methyl group. So, the terminal isopropyl substituent (CH₃)₂-CH- refers to the iso- prefix. Neo-prefix represents a branched-chain alkane. The prefix neo- is used when the branched chain alkane's second carbon carries two methyl groups.

The functional group of an acyl halide (acid halide) is an acyl group (RCO―) bonded to a halogen atom. They are named by changing the suffix -ic acid in the name of the parent carboxylic acid to -yl halide.

Metallic character increases as you move down a group in the periodic table and decreases as you move across a period from left to right.

Cesium (Cs) is located at the bottom of Group 1 (alkali metals), making it more metallic compared to sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K).

Cs has the lowest ionization energy and highest tendency to lose electrons, which increases its metallic character.

A nucleophile is a species that donates an electron pair to form a chemical bond.

H₂O has lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom, making it an electron-rich species capable of donating electrons, which qualifies it as a nucleophile.

In contrast:

AlCl₃ and BF₃ are electron-deficient and act as electrophiles.

Cl₂ is neither a good nucleophile nor electrophile in its molecular form.

We need to consider the electron configurations of Fe and Mn ions.

Fe (Iron): [Ar] 3d6 4s2 Mn (Manganese): [Ar] 3d5 4s2

When forming ions, electrons are first removed from the outer s orbital, then from d orbitals.

Let's check each ion:
Fe2+: [Ar] 3d6 (4 unpaired electrons)
Fe3+: [Ar] 3d5 (5 unpaired electrons)
Mn2+: [Ar] 3d5 (5 unpaired electrons)
Mn3+: [Ar] 3d4 (4 unpaired electrons)

We're looking for the pair where both ions have 5 unpaired d-electrons.

Kc (equilibrium constant) represents the ratio of the concentration of products to the concentration of reactants at equilibrium.

If 𝐾𝑐>1 , it means the concentration of products is higher than reactants at equilibrium, favoring the forward reaction.

If 𝐾𝑐<1, it means the reactants are favored, and the reverse reaction dominates.
So, the reaction with 𝐾𝑐=10 will proceed more in the forward direction, as it favors the formation of products.

When an aldehyde is heated under reflux with acidified potassium dichromate (VI), a carboxylic acid is produced. This is a oxidation reaction.

Propanal is an aldehyde, so oxidation of this compound would produce a carboxylic acid.
Propanal does not react with sodium metal.

propanone is a ketone, and propan-2-ol is a secondary alcohol - secondary alcohols are oxidised to ketones, and ketones do not oxidise further.

propan-1-ol is a primary alcohol. Primary alcohols are oxidised to aldehydes and then to carboxylic acids. Alcohols react with sodium metal, so, compound X cannot be propan-1-ol.

A generator typically produces alternating current (AC), where the flow of electric charge periodically reverses direction. This is in contrast to direct current (DC), where the charge flows in one direction.

In a typical generator, the current changes direction as the coil rotates in the magnetic field, leading to an alternating waveform (usually sinusoidal). Therefore, the current produced by most generators is AC.

Electric charge: Ampere (A) — The unit of electric charge is the Coulomb (C). Ampere (A) is the unit of current, not charge.

Current: volt (V) —  The unit of electric current is the Ampere (A), not the Volt. The Volt (V) is the unit for electric potential or voltage.

Electric power: watt (W) —  The unit of power is the Watt (W). Power is defined as the rate at which electrical energy is consumed or generated.

Resistance: coulomb — Incorrect. The unit of resistance is the Ohm (Ω), not the Coulomb. Coulomb (C) is the unit for electric charge.

Materials with a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) exhibit a decrease in resistance as the temperature increases. This behavior is common in semiconductors like germanium and silicon.

• Germanium and Silicon are semiconductors, and as their temperature increases, more charge carriers become available, causing their resistance to decrease.
• Iron and Copper are metals, and metals generally have a positive temperature coefficient (their resistance increases with temperature).

Inertia is the property of an object that resists changes to its motion. It is the tendency of an object to remain at rest if it is stationary or to continue moving in a straight line at constant speed if it is already moving, unless acted upon by an external force. This concept is directly related to Newton's First Law of Motion.

• Inertia is not a force but a property that depends on the object's mass; the greater the mass, the greater the inertia.

Thus, inertia is best described as "the resistance of an object to a change in its state of motion.

According to quantum theory by Einstein, a photon is a type of an elementary particle that exhibits wave-particle duality as they have both the features of waves and particles.

They are the quantum form of electromagnetic waves such as light waves and are considered to have a rest mass of zero and move at the speed of light.

When a football inflated in a warm room is taken outside into cold weather, the air molecules inside the ball lose energy due to the drop in temperature. This causes the air pressure inside the ball to decrease because the molecules move slower and occupy less space. As a result, the football will appear slightly deflated or softer.

This is an application of Charles's Law, which states that the volume of a gas decreases with a decrease in temperature if the pressure is constant.

Magnetic flux represents the total magnetic field passing through a given area, and the Weber (Wb) is the SI unit used to measure it.

One Weber is equivalent to one Tesla meter squared (T·m²).

The beat frequency is the absolute difference between the frequencies of two sound waves. It is given by the formula:

f_beat=∣f₁−f₂∣

Here, the frequencies are:

f₁=223.50 Hz​
f₂=223.20 Hz​

So, the beat frequency is:

f_beat=∣223.50−223.20∣
f_bea=0.30 Hz

Heat capacity is defined as the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius (or 1 Kelvin). It is a measure of how much heat a substance can store as its temperature increases.

• Heat capacity is directly related to the mass and specific heat of the substance.
• It differs from specific heat, which is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 unit mass of the substance by 1 degree.

Electric potential (or potential difference) is the work done per unit charge to move a charge between two points in an electric field. One Volt is defined as one Joule per Coulomb (1 V = 1 J/C), meaning it represents the energy transferred per unit of electric charge.

Capacitance is the ability of a system to store electric charge per unit of electric potential difference. One Farad (F) is defined as one Coulomb (C) of charge stored per Volt (V) of potential difference:

1F=1C/V

R=ρL/A

Resistance depends on:

1. Nature of the conductor (material's resistivity).
2. Dimension of the conductor (length and cross-sectional area).
3. Physical state (temperature affects resistance).

In circular motion, the acceleration directed towards the center of the circular path is called centripetal acceleration. It keeps the object moving in a circular path by constantly changing the direction of its velocity. Since this acceleration acts along the radius towards the center, it is also referred to as radial acceleration.

Rectification is the process of converting alternating current (AC), which flows in both directions, into direct current (DC), which flows in one direction. This is achieved using components like diodes, which allow current to pass only in one direction, thus rectifying the AC into DC.

The frequency of a wave is defined as the number of complete waves (or cycles) that pass through a given point in one second. It is measured in Hertz (Hz).

The instantaneous power supplied to a circuit at any given moment is the product of the instantaneous current 𝐼(𝑡) and the instantaneous voltage  V(t):

P(t)=V(t)×I(t)
This gives the power being delivered or consumed at a specific point in time.

The Compton effect refers to the phenomenon where X-rays (or other high-energy photons) scatter off electrons in a material, resulting in a shift in the wavelength of the scattered X-rays. This demonstrated the particle-like behavior of light and provided evidence for the dual nature of electromagnetic radiation.

Thus, the Compton effect describes the change in the wavelength of X-rays when they interact with matter.

A transformer is a device that transfers electric energy from one alternating-current circuit to one or more other circuits.

A transformer is an electrical device that changes the voltage of AC through electromagnetic induction. It has primary and secondary coils and a core that transfers energy between them, either increasing (step-up) or decreasing (step-down) the voltage.

The distance covered by a sound wave per unit time is called its speed or velocity.

The domestic electric supply typically has a frequency of 50 Hz in most countries, and 60 Hz in some countries like the United States.

The capacitance of a capacitor depends on:

1. The area of the plates: Larger plate area increases capacitance.
2. The distance between the plates: A smaller distance increases capacitance.
3. The dielectric material: The type of material between the plates affects capacitance (different materials have different dielectric constants).

Electric shock occurs when there is a potential difference between two points the current can flow through.

Since the bird is only in contact with the high-voltage wire, it is at the same electrical potential as the wire.

There is no voltage difference across the bird's body, so no current flows through it, and it does not get shocked.

The ability to produce electromotive force (EMF) by changing the magnetic field inside a coil is used to generate electricity.

This principle is based on Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction, which states that a change in the magnetic field within a coil induces an electromotive force (EMF) and hence an electric current in the coil. This is the fundamental principle behind generators and alternators.

Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and temperatures remain constant.

Newton's Third Law of Motion asserts that every force exerted on an object results in an equal and opposite force exerted by that object. This interaction ensures that the total momentum in a closed system remains constant, thus adhering to the conservation of momentum.

Velocity is defined as the rate at which an object changes its position. It is a vector quantity, which means it has both magnitude and direction.
Velocity=Displacement/time